| Title | Guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (RAPGEF3/RAPGEF4) induce sperm membrane depolarization and acrosomal exocytosis in capacitated stallion sperm. |
| Publication Type | Journal Article |
| Year of Publication | 2011 |
| Authors | McPartlin, LA, Visconti, PE, Bedford-Guaus, SJ |
| Journal | Biology of reproduction |
| Volume | 85 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pagination | 179-88 |
| Date Published | 2011 Jul |
| Keywords | Acrosome, Animals, Cyclic AMP, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunits, Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole, Exocytosis, Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors, Horses, Male, Membrane Potentials, Mice, Phosphorylation, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Signal Transduction, Sperm Capacitation, Thionucleotides |
| Abstract | Capacitation encompasses the molecular changes sperm undergo to fertilize an oocyte, some of which are postulated to occur via a cAMP-PRKACA (protein kinase A)-mediated pathway. Due to the recent discovery of cAMP-activated guanine nucleotide exchange factors RAPGEF3 and RAPGEF4, we sought to investigate the separate roles of PRKACA and RAPGEF3/RAPGEF4 in modulating capacitation and acrosomal exocytosis. Indirect immunofluorescence localized RAPGEF3 to the acrosome and subacrosomal ring and RAPGEF4 to the midpiece in equine sperm. Addition of the RAPGEF3/RAPGEF4-specific cAMP analogue 8-(p-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyladenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8pCPT) to sperm incubated under both noncapacitating and capacitating conditions had no effect on protein tyrosine phosphorylation, thus supporting a PRKACA-mediated event. Conversely, activation of RAPGEF3/RAPGEF4 with 8pCPT induced acrosomal exocytosis in capacitated equine sperm at rates (34%) similar (P > 0.05) to those obtained in progesterone- and calcium ionophore-treated sperm. In the mouse, capacitation-dependent hyperpolarization of the sperm plasma membrane has been shown to recruit low voltage-activated T-type Ca(2+) channels, which later open in response to zona pellucida-induced membrane depolarization. We hypothesized that RAPGEF3 may be inducing acrosomal exocytosis via depolarization-dependent Ca(2+) influx, as RAPGEF3/RAPGEF4 have been demonstrated to play a role in the regulation of ion channels in somatic cells. We first compared the membrane potential (E(m)) of noncapacitated (-37.11 mV) and capacitated (-53.74 mV; P = 0.002) equine sperm. Interestingly, when sperm were incubated (6 h) under capacitating conditions in the presence of 8pCPT, E(m) remained depolarized (-32.06 mV). Altogether, these experiments support the hypothesis that RAPGEF3/RAPGEF4 activation regulates acrosomal exocytosis via its modulation of E(m), a novel role for RAPGEF3/RAPGEF4 in the series of events required to achieve fertilization. |
| Alternate Journal | Biol. Reprod. |
Veterinary and Animal Sciences