References In several sections above, I pull directly from James Maguire’s book American Bee: the National Spelling Bee and the Culture of Word Nerds (listed below).
Other references include the following:
Craigie, William A. and James R. Hulbert, eds. A Dictionary of American English. University of Chicago Press, 1944.
Matthews, Mitford M. ed. A Dictionary of Americanisms. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1951.
Maguire, James. American Bee: the National Spelling Bee and the Culture of Word Nerds. Rodale Inc, 2006.
Mencken, H.L. The American Language. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1938 (suppl. I, 1945: suppl. II, 1948).