Endnotes

¹ The 530 surveys for this report surpass the number of surveys conducted with New York State farmworkers by the federal government through the National Agricultural Workers Survey, conducted every fiscal year. New York is in the East region, which encompasses 16 states. Since 1989, the number of surveys conducted in the region as a whole range from 117 in 2020 to 569 in 1999. “Sample Sizes by Region and Fiscal Year.” National Agricultural Workers Survey, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 2020, https://www.dol .gov/agencies/eta/national-agricultural-workers-survey/data/sample-sizes-region-fiscal-year; A 2008 study of migrant and seasonal farmworkers in New York’s Finger Lakes surveyed 550 workers at 72 labor camps about injuries and illnesses. Earle-Richardson, Giulia B., et al., “Estimating the Occupational Morbidity for Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers in New York State: a Comparison of Two Methods”, Annals of Epidemiology, Volume 18, Issue 1, 2008, pp 1- 7, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276460/pdf/nihms36154.pdf

² Gray, Margaret. Labor and the Locavore: The Making of a Comprehensive Food Ethic. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2014, https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520276 697/labor-and-the-locavore; Gray, Margaret and Emma Kreyche. The Hudson Valley Farmworker Report: Understanding the Needs and Aspirations of a Voiceless Population. Bard College Migrant Labor Project, Bard College, 2007, https://tinyurl.com/yck4jbcn; Carly Fox, Rebecca Fuentes, Fabiola Ortiz Valdez, Gretchen Purser, and Kathleen Sexsmith. Milked: Immigrant Dairy Farmworkers in New York State. The Workers’ Center of Central New York and the Worker Justice Center of New York, 2017, https://milkedny.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/milked_ 053017.pdf.

³ Arcury, Thomas A., and Sara A. Quandt, editors. Latinx Farmworkers in the Eastern United States: Health, Safety, and Justice. 2nd ed., New York, Springer, 2020, pp. 2, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-36643-8 Faucett, Julia, et al. “An Instrument to Measure Musculoskeletal Symptoms Among Immigrant Hispanic Farmworkers: Validation in the Nursery Industry” Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, vol 7, no 3, pp 185-198, https://elibrary.asabe.org/abstract.asp??JID=3&AID=5442&CID=j2001&v=7&i=3&T=1 Horton, Sarah Bronwen. They Leave Their Kidneys in the Fields: Illness, Injury, and Illegality among U.S. Farmworkers. University of California Press, 2016, https://www.ucpress.edu/book/97805202 83275/they-leave-their-kidneys-in-the-fields Snipes, Shedra A., and Amy D. Thierry. “Why do farmworkers delay treatment after debilitating injuries? Thematic analysis explains if, when, and why farm workers were treated for injuries.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, vol 58, no 2, Feb 2015, pp 178-192, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajim. 22380?casa_token=vi4oFwsFheMAAAAA%3AaoDpn1GnBp8f7KrT1GEWpKupLiG4OlQ3tqDoQt Z1BjQB6aUCVxeM-yGYAv_-IbtdDHXwYvMfCIgLSw

⁴ Arcury, Thomas A., and Sara A. Quandt, editors. Latinx Farmworkers in the Eastern United States: Health, Safety, and Justice. 2nd ed., New York, Springer, 2020, pp. 2, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-36643-8

⁵ Leigh, Paul J., et al.. “An estimate of the U.S. government's undercount of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in agriculture”, Annals of Epidemiology, Volume 24, Issue 4, 2014, pp 254- 259. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104727971400012X

⁶ New York, Senate. New York State Consolidated Laws. Chapter 60, article 1, section 42-A. nysenate.gov, 2022, https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/TAX/42-A. The 18% is intended to cover additional costs associated with increased worker pay, such as workers compensation and taxes.