Jihyun Na is a Ph.D. candidate of Political Science at the University of Tokyo. Her research focuses on the institutionalization of national identification (ID) systems in advanced industrialized countries. In her current work, she inquires as to why some governments have been able to successfully introduce national ID systems in early stages of economic development while others have repeatedly failed. To answer this question, she examines the cases of the United States, Sweden, Japan and Korea. By accounting for the variations among these countries, her study aims to discover the diversity of historical paths that have not been revealed by previous research.