Ash Hartwell together with CIE members Jacob Carter and Stephen Richardson led an interactive session based on their literature review of aid effectiveness USAID as part of a process to develop guidance and training on 'Government to Government' (G2G) aid in education. G2G, the key approach for aid under the Obama administration, is part of the US government’s initiative to become the world’s leading donor. Part of the team’s effort was to provide a toolkit for people in the field to use new aid modalities, and address the question, “What is effective aid with budgetary support?”