Section 2: Turfgrass Selection - Species and Varieties : Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment (CAFE) at UMass Amherst

Turfgrass species vary in terms of key attributes including appearance, appropriate uses, cultural requirements, pest resistance and stress tolerance. Individual varieties (also often called cultivars... "cultivated variety") within species provide additional options for effectively matching grasses with growing conditions, the level of cultural intensity, and desired performance. As such, the varieties listed in this chapter exhibit above average turf forming properties compared to other cultivars.

Turfgrass selection decisions are among the most important that a turf manager makes, as poorly adapted plant material (species and cultivars) is very often a central cause of turf deterioration. Compared with poorly adapted grasses, grasses well-matched to the growing environment most often require reduced inputs in terms of water, fertilizer, and management attention, and are far more likely to perform as intended and exhibit desired aesthetic characteristics.

Selection of adapted turfgrass species and variety is a fundamental exercise in any IPM program for turf. Adapted grasses are more resistant to stress and pest pressure and are therefore instrumental in reducing pesticide use to the lowest possible level.

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The following are some commercially available turfgrass varieties (cultivars) which have performed well in Massachusetts or nationally based on National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) tests. Please note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other reliable varieties not evaluated by NTEP, or experimental vartieties that are not yet commercially available, that also perform well. For additional information visit the NTEP web site at http://www.ntep.org.

Turfgrass trial explorer
Turfgrass Trial Explorer (https://maps.umn.edu/ntep/) is a new search tool that is linked to 40+ years of data collected by NTEP and its university cooperators. The tool allows any user to quickly access and locate turf quality information as well as other traits needed to make decisions on turfgrass cultivars. It is very user friendly and free! Individuals (professional and consumer) are encouraged to use this new search tool, however, basic guidelines should be followed to ensure reliable cultivar selections... see those guidelines and other useful information on proper cultivar selection in our "Does Selecting the Best Turfgrass Varieties Really Matter?" fact sheet (https://ag.umass.edu/turf/fact-sheets/does-selecting-best-turfgrass-varieties-really-matter).

Turfgrass trial explorer

Turfgrass Trial Explorer (https://maps.umn.edu/ntep/) is a new search tool that is linked to 40+ years of data collected by NTEP and its university cooperators. The tool allows any user to quickly access and locate turf quality information as well as other traits needed to make decisions on turfgrass cultivars. It is very user friendly and free! Individuals (professional and consumer) are encouraged to use this new search tool, however, basic guidelines should be followed to ensure reliable cultivar selections... see those guidelines and other useful information on proper cultivar selection in our "Does Selecting the Best Turfgrass Varieties Really Matter?" fact sheet (https://ag.umass.edu/turf/fact-sheets/does-selecting-best-turfgrass-varieties-really-matter).

It is also important to note that seed mixtures and blends are strongly preferred to monostands (planting of only one species and/or cultivar), as they produce a turf that works more effectively as a system.

A seed mixture is a combination of multiple, different turfgrass species.
A seed blend is a combination of multiple, different turfgrass varieties within the same species. Therefore, a seed mixture can and often does include multiple blends.

When mixing and blending turfgrass species and varieties, first consider the characteristics and adaptations of the individual turfgrass species and the site conditions such as soil type, cultural intensity and intensity of use, shade, and desired quality of the turf. It is also important to consider any past history of repeated damage from pests such as disease and insects.

First, select the best adapted species (Table 1) and mixture (Table 2) for the growing conditions and specific use, then select 2 or 3 varieties within each species component from the preferred list for Massachusetts (Tables 3 to 8) that provide the best tolerance to commonly occurring diseases and other stresses.

Remember that regardless of careful selection, turfgrasses require management in order to realize their genetic potential, therefore the level of turf quality ultimately depends on the quality of management. 

With regard to disease resistance of individual varieties, please note that the occurrence of favorable climatic conditions for disease varies from year to year. Disease ratings should be used to a) identify particularly susceptible varieties that should be avoided in disease prone areas, or b) to choose disease tolerant varieties for reseeding or overseeding an area previously damaged by disease. Proper cultural practices intended to reduce disease incidence are critical for varieties to fully demonstrate disease tolerance. Disease may occur even in resistant varieties following exposure to favorable climatic conditions or improper cultural practices that promote disease.

Table 1. General characteristics of some major cool-season turfgrass species.

Characteristic		Kentucky bluegrass	Perennial ryegrass	Creeping bentgrass	Tall fescue	Fine fescues
Growth habit		rhizomatous	bunch-type	stoloniferous	bunch	various
Texture (leaf width)		medium-fine to medium	medium-fine to medium	fine	medium to coarse	very fine
Soil type preferred		well drained, moist, fertile	moist, fertile	well-drained, moist, fertile	moist, fertile	infertile, well drained
Tolerance to:
	Cold	good	poor to fair	excellent	fair	good
	Heat	fair	poor to fair	fair to good	excellent	poor to fair
	Drought	good	good	poor	excellent	excellent
	Salinity	poor	fair	excellent	good	poor
	Submersion	fair	fair	excellent	good	poor
	Wear	fair	excellent	fair to good	excellent	poor
	Compaction	fair to good	excellent	fair to good	fair	poor
	Shade	poor	poor	fair to good	fair to good	excellent
	Establishment	slow	fast	medium	medium to fast	medium to fast
	Recovery from injury	excellent	poor	excellent	poor	poor *
	Disease potential	medium	medium	high	low	low to medium
Cultural requirements:
	Fertility	medium to medium-high	medium to medium-high	high	medium to medium-high	low
	Mowing Frequency	low to medium	high	high	medium-high	low
	Thatch potential	medium	low	high	low	medium
* The capacity of creeping red fescues to recover from injury is considered fair due to rhizomatous growth habit.

Table 2. Guidelines for mixing and blending cool-season grasses for specific applications. The following are some general guidelines for effective mixtures and blends of cool-season turfgrasses for the Northeast. Read the appropriate row for the target use from left to right to determine the species percentages by weight and the suggested seeding rate range for each mixture. Refer to the footnotes for recommended blending parameters for varieties within species. Other mixture or blend options may exist based upon expectations and specific site and use conditions.

Use	Turfgrass Species (% by weight)						Seeding rate (lbs/1000ft2)
Use	Kentucky bluegrass	perennial ryegrass ¹	fine fescues	tall fescue ²	rough bluegrass	creeping bentgrass	Seeding rate (lbs/1000ft2)
Athletic fields (new fields)	80% *	20% *					3 to 4
Athletic fields (new fields)	100% *						1 to 2
Athletic fields (overseeding key wear areas)		100% *					6 to 8 ³
Golf course (putting greens)						100% **	0.5 to 1
Golf course (fairways and tees)						100% *	0.5 to 1
Lawns - sun (med to high maintenance)	65-75% *	10-20% *	15% **				3 to 4
Lawns - sun (med to high maintenance)	20% *			80% *			6 to 8
Lawns - sun (med to high maintenance)		20% *		80% *			7 to 9
Lawns - sun (low maintenance)	5-25% *	10-20% *	65-75% *				4 to 6
Lawns - more sun than shade (well drained) ⁴	≤15% *⁵	≤15% *⁵	≥70% *				4 to 6
Lawns - more shade than sun (well drained)		10-20% *⁵	80-90% *				4 to 6
Lawns - shade (wet)	30% *⁵				70% **⁶		2 to 3
* Two to three improved varieties recommended **One or more improved varieties recommended ¹ Perennial ryegrass content in mixes should not exceed 20% due to aggressive seedling growth. ² Tall fescue is more readily adaptable to certain areas of New England, particularly the southern coastal areas with lighter soils. ³ Suggested rate when more than 50% of the area is bare soil. ⁴Use a minimum of 70% fine fescues and split the remainder with Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass. ⁵ Select cultivars with improved shade tolerance for use on shaded sites whenever possible. ⁶ Use of rough bluegrass should be considered carefully because of the potential to become an undesirable weed.

SOIL TESTS
Soil samples should be taken at least four to six weeks before establishment of turf to allow sufficient time to fertilize and/or adjust pH based on soil test results. Take samples before fertilizing, or no sooner than four weeks after. To submit a representative sample, take about 12 samples, 4”-6” deep. Remove stones and debris, and do not include thatch. Mix all samples together, and spread the soil out on a clean surface to air dry. A one-cup measure of the mixture is all that is required for a soil test. For instructions on how to submit your sample, as well as information on available tests and fee structure, visit the UMass Soil Testing Lab at ag.umass.edu/services/soil-plant-nutrient-testing-laboratory. For information about plant problem diagnostics, refer to the UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab at ag.umass.edu/diagnostics.

SOIL TESTS

Soil samples should be taken at least four to six weeks before establishment of turf to allow sufficient time to fertilize and/or adjust pH based on soil test results. Take samples before fertilizing, or no sooner than four weeks after. To submit a representative sample, take about 12 samples, 4”-6” deep. Remove stones and debris, and do not include thatch. Mix all samples together, and spread the soil out on a clean surface to air dry. A one-cup measure of the mixture is all that is required for a soil test. For instructions on how to submit your sample, as well as information on available tests and fee structure, visit the UMass Soil Testing Lab at ag.umass.edu/services/soil-plant-nutrient-testing-laboratory. For information about plant problem diagnostics, refer to the UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab at ag.umass.edu/diagnostics.

KEY. Coding used to indicate disease and stress tolerances in Tables 3 through 8 for cultivars recommended for Massachusetts.

Blue columns represent biotic stress resistance; in these columns a ‘+’ denotes a positive effect and a ‘–‘ denotes a negative effect. For example, a ‘+’ in the ‘Anthracnose’ column indicates superior anthracnose resistance, while a ‘-‘ in the ‘Cutworms’ column indicates inferior cutworm resistance.		Yellow columns represent abiotic stress resistance; in these columns a ‘+’ denotes a positive effect and a ‘–‘ denotes a negative effect. For example, a ‘+’ in the ‘Wear’ column indicates superior wear resistance, while a ‘-‘ in the ‘Drought’ column indicates inferior drought resistance.		Green columns represent positive plant traits; in these columns a ‘+’ denotes a positive effect and a ‘–‘ denotes a negative effect. For example, a ‘+’ in the ‘Green Color’ column indicates darker color, while a ‘-‘ in the ‘Leaf Texture’ column indicates coarser leaf texture.		Gray columns represent undesirable plant traits; in these columns an ‘H’ denotes a negative effect and an ‘L’ denotes a positive effect. For example, an ‘H’ in the ‘Thatch Tendency’ column indicates a cultivar more prone to thatch development, while an ‘L’ in the ‘Seedhead Tendency’ column indicates that a cultivar less likely to produce seedheads.
Code		Code		Code		Code
+	Significantly above average	+	Significantly above average	+	Significantly above average	H	High tendency for undesirable trait
-	Significantly below average	-	Significantly below average	-	Significantly below average	L	Low tendency for undesirable trait
0	Average	0	Average	0	Average	A	Average
A blank cell indicates that there is no data available for a given species and cultivar for the subject trait.

Table 3. Relative disease and stress tolerances for some commercially available bentgrass varieties recommended for golf greens in Massachusetts.

Cultivar	Species	Anthracnose	Brown patch	Dollar spot	Typhula (snow mold)	Leaf spot	Cutworms	WEAR	Scalping injury	Green color	Thatch tendency
13-M	Creeping	0	0	0	0	0	+	-	+	-	L
Authority	Creeping	+	-	0		-	0	0	0	0	A
Barracuda	Creeping	0	0	+		+	+	0	-	0	A
Declaration	Creeping	+	0	+	0	+	+	-	-	-	A
Greenwich	Velvet	-	+	+	+	+	-	+	-	+	H
L-93	Creeping	0	-	0		+	0	-	+	0	L
Legendary	Velvet	0	+	+	+	+	-	+	-	+	H
LS-44	Creeping	+	0	0	0	0	+	-	-	-	L
Luminary	Creeping	0	+	0		+	0	+	+	0	H
Memorial	Creeping	+	-	-	-	0	+	-	+	-	L
Penn A-1	Creeping	0	-	-		0	-	0	0	0	A
Penn A-2	Creeping	+	-	0		+	+	-	0	0	A
Pure Distinction	Creeping	+	+	-		-	+	+	+	-	H
Proclamation	Creeping	0	0	0		0	0	0	-	0	A
T-1	Creeping	+	-	-	-	0	+	0	+	0	H
Venus	Velvet	0	+	+	+	+	-	+	-	+	A
Vesper	Velvet	0	+	+	+	+	-	+	-	+	H
Villa	Velvet	+	+	+	+	+	-	+	-	+	H

Table 4. Relative disease and stress tolerances for some commercially available bentgrass varieties recommended for golf fairways in Massachusetts.

Cultivar	Species	Anthracnose	Brown patch	Dollar spot	Typhula (snow mold)	Poa Ingress	Drought	Wear	Scalping injury	Green Color	Thatch tendency
13-M	Creeping	-	+	0	0	+	+			+
007	Creeping	+	+	0	-	+	0	-	-	0	H
Authority	Creeping	-	+	0	+	+	+	+	+	0	H
Barracuda	Creeping	0	+	+		+	-	-	-	0	H
Bengal	Colonial	-	+	0	0	+	+			+
Crystal Bluelinks	Creeping	0	+	0	-	0	+	+	+	+	L
Declaration	Creeping	-	+	+	0	+	+	-	-	+	L
Greentime	Colonial	-	0	0	-	-	+	0	+	-	M
Independence	Creeping	-	+	-	+	+	0			+
Kingpin	Creeping	-	+	0	+	+	0			+
L-93	Creeping	-	+	-	0	0	0	0	0	0	H
Luminary	Creeping	0	+	0	+	0	-	+	+	0	H
Mackenzie	Creeping	-	+	0	+	+	-			+
Memorial	Creeping	+	+	0	0	+	-	+	+	0	M
Penncross	Creeping	-	+	-	-	0	0	0	+	0	L
Penneagle II	Creeping	0	+	0	0	+	+			0
Princeville	Creeping	-	+	-	-	-	0	-	+	-	L
Proclamation	Creeping	-	+	0	0	+	+	-	-	0	M
Pure Select	Creeping	-	+	-	-	0	0	0	0	0	M
Shark	Creeping	0	+	-	+	+	0			0
T-1	Creeping	0	+	0	0	0	+	+	+	+	M
Tiger II	Colonial	0	-	+	+	-	0	0	+	-	L

Table 5. Relative disease and stress tolerances for some commercially available fine leaf fescue varieties recommended for Massachusetts.

Cultivar	Species	Dollar spot	Leaf Spot	Red thread	Drought	Green color
Beacon	Hard	+	+	+	+	0
Bolster	Chewings	+	+	+	-	0
Compass II	Chewings	+	0	+	0	0
Cascade	Chewings	+	-	0	-	0
Castle	Chewings	+	+	0	+	+
Jetty	Hard	+	+	+	+	+
Momentum	Chewings	+	+	+	-	+
Radar	Chewings	+	+	0	-	0
Resolute	Hard	+	+	0	+	+
Seamist	Creeping	+	0	0	-	0

Table 6. Relative disease and stress tolerances for some commercially available tall fescue varieties recommended for Massachusetts.

Cultivar	Brown patch	Leaf spot	Red Thread	Pythium	Snow Mold	Poa Ingress	Green Color	SeedHead Tendency
4th Millenium	+	+	+	+	-	+	0	L
Amity	+	-	0	0	-	0	0	L
Avenger	+	-	+	0	0	+	0	L
GTO	+	-	+	+	0	+	0	L
Met 1	+	0	+	+	0	+	0	M
Raptor III	+	0	+	+	0	+	0	L
Rebounder	+	0	+	+	-	+	+	L
Reflection	+	+	+	+	0	+	+	M
Regenerate	+	0	+	+	0	+	+	L
Rockwell	+	0	+	+	0	+	0	L
Rowdy	+	+	+	+	+	+	0	L
Supersonic	+	0	+	0	0	+	0	M
Technique	+	-	+	+	0	+	0	L
Thor	+	0	+	0	0	0	+	M
Titanium 2LS	+	-	+	0	+	+	0	L
Travers	+	0	+	0	+	+	0	M
Trinity	+	0	+	+	0	+	0	M

Table 7. Relative disease and stress tolerances for some commercially available Kentucky bluegrass varieties recommended for Massachusetts.

Cultivar	Dollar spot	Leaf spot	Summer patch	Poa Ingress	Wear	Spring Greenup	Green Color	Leaf TexTure	SEEDHEAD tendency
Aramintha	0	+	0	+	0	-	-	0	L
Barserati	+	+	+	+	-	+	0	+	L
Barvette HGT	+	-	+	+	+	+	-	0	L
Bluebank	+	+	+	0	+	-	+	0	M
Bluenote	+	+	+	0	+	0	0	+	M
Legend	+	+	0	+	+	-	+	-	M
Midnight	+	0	+	+	+	-	+	0	L
NuChicago	+	+	0	+	+	-	+	0	L
Rubix	0	-	0	+	+	+	0	0	L
Skye	+	0	+	0	-	0	0	0	M
Sudden Impact	+	0	0	-	+	-	+	0	L

Table 8. Relative disease and stress tolerances for some commercially available perennial ryegrass varieties recommended for Massachusetts.

Cultivar	Brown patch	Red thread	Wear	Spring Greenup	Mowing quality	Seedhead tendency
Alloy	0	+	+	0	+	H
Apple 3GL	0	+	-	0	+	M
Fiesta Cinco	0	0	+	0	+	M
Furlong	+	+	0	+	0	L
Homerun LS	0	0	-	+	+	M
Mystique	+	+	+	+	0	H
Paradox GL	0	0	0	0	0	L
Slugger 3GL	0	+	0	+	0	M
Silver Sport	0	+	0	+	+	M
SR 4700	0	+	+	0	0	M
Stellar 4GL	0	+	-	+	+	M
Superstar GL	0	0	0	0	+	M
Xcelerator	+	+	0	+	+	M

Revised: May, 2023

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Section 2: Turfgrass Selection - Species and Varieties

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