Greenhouse Project > IPM Scouting and Decision Making

A regular monitoring program is the basis of IPM decision making, regardless of the control strategies used. By regular monitoring, a scout is able to gather current information on the identity and location of pest problems and to evaluate treatment effectiveness. The following are the basics of scouting programs in New England with growers who participate in Greenhouse IPM Programs.

Pre-Crop Site Evaluation
One month prior to the introduction of a crop, evaluate the entire greenhouse, inside and out. Note the presence of weeds in and around the greenhouse, drainage problems, algae build-up, pet plants, overwintered plants such as impatiens or geraniums and debris under benches. Crops growing in adjacent greenhouses or outdoors should be recorded.

Previous pest problems in the greenhouse and current pesticide application methods should be reviewed. A plan of action may then be developed to eliminate these problems prior to the arrival of the crop. Prevention of key pest problems may be more easily accomplished if the grower and scout take the time to identify, analyze and correct problems before crops are introduced. Also, consider how the variety of plants to be grown in the same area may influence ease of pesticide applications and spread of disease. For example, keep seedling and cutting geraniums separate to help minimize spreading bacterial blight. Keep propagation houses separate from other growing areas, and vegetable transplants separate from ornamentals to help reduce the incidence of Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus when Western Flower Thrips are present. Also, most pesticides labeled for ornamentals are not labeled for vegetable crops.

Inspection of Incoming Plants
At the time of arrival or soon after, the scout should inspect one-third or more of the plants. Thoroughly examine the plants for signs of insects and diseases (see chart). Early detection and prompt action can minimize the spread of insects and diseases and save pesticide applications.

Key pest	How to monitor	Where to look
Melon Aphid (Aphis gossypii)	Rely on plant inspection, not sticky cards. Scout weekly, early in the crop, before flowering. Look for small, 1/16 inch long aphids with dark cornicles or "tailpipes." Melon aphids are less likely to form winged adults than green peach aphids.	Inspect incoming plant material, on underside of leaves and stems. Melon aphids are more likely to be found along the plant stem than on the growing tip.
Green Peach Aphid (Myzus persicae)	Monitor weekly. Rely on plant inspection, not sticky cards. Winged adults are found on cards when aphid colonies on weeds and crops become overcrowded.	Look on tips of new growth for 1/14 inch long green to pinkish aphids. Look for signs of aphid activity: shed white skins, honeydew, and presence of ants. Inspect and remove weeds.
Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis)	Rely on sticky card counts for population trends and to evaluate treatments. Use cards at floor level to detect overwintering thrips, beginning in February. Place cards at bench level, just above crop in March, before plant damage occurs (April - September). Cards placed at HB level, and in mist propagation areas will detect fewer thrips.	Inspect incoming plant material for adults and larvae by tapping tender new growth and flowers over a white sheet of paper. Keep plants isolated for 4-5 days to detect emerging eggs and pupae. Inspect and control weeds outside of the greenhouse in early spring, especially white clover.
Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci,Trialeurodes vaporariorum)	Rely on plant inspection to detect immature stages, especially on cuttings and young plants. If using insect growth regulators, use indicator plants to assess treatment effectiveness. Use sticky cards to monitor adults. Sequential sampling is an effective time-saving method for poinsettias.* Place card horizontally if using Encarsia formosa for biological control.	Older (3rd and 4th instar) immatures are found on the lowermost leaves. Egg-laying adults are found on the uppermost leaves. Inspect and remove weeds and “pet plants.”
Fungus gnats and shoreflies (Bradysia sp.)	Use sticky cards to monitor for adults. Place cards just above soil surface. Horizontal placement will attract more adults. Use potato slices (1½" long by 1") to monitor for larvae especially during cool, moist weather. Examine daily.	A high emergence of adults may occur after watering dry pots. Favorable habitats include areas with standing pools of water, muddy floors, and weeds.
Pythium root and stem rots (Pythium sp.)	Visually examine roots for cortex that "sloughs off" leaving central core on geraniums, impatiens, snapdragons, vinca, poinsettias etc. Stem cankers are brown to black. Monitor fertility and EC levels.	Monitor incoming plants and plants that may have been stressed by high salt levels, wounding, and transplant shock, especially if fungus gnats or shore flies are present.
Rhizoctonia damping off, root rot, stem canker and web blight (Rhizoctonia solani)	Monitor seed flats of susceptible plants such as begonia, impatiens, petunia, dahlia for post-emergence damping off. Look for small water-soaked spots on stem or leaves before seedlings collapse. Look for cobwebby growth that mats leaves together (web blight).	Monitor seed flats for damping off especially near walkways. Web blight may occur when bedding plants are placed close together during humid, warm conditions.
Botrytis Blight (Botrytis cineraria)	Monitor closely during favorable conditions, ie. cool temperatures, free moisture and presence of fungal spores, fuzzy gray to brown. Flowers may fade early and then mat together.	Look on tender tissues (flowers, terminal buds or cuttings, or weakened tips of leaves for soft, tan to brown dead areas, and gray fungal growth. Monitor areas with poor air circulation. and crowded plants.
Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe sp., Oidium sp.)	Look for white powdery growth esp. on upper leaf surface of roses, begonias, viola, phlox, chrysanthemums. On poinsettia, look for white or yellow spots on upper leaf surface. White patches up to 1/2 inch in diameter may be on the lower or upper surface.	Monitor closely in areas with poor air circulation, high humidity or drafty places with more temperature fluctuations between day and night temperatures.
Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas pelargonii)	Inspect geraniums more closely during warm weather. Look for isolated leaf wilting, V- or wedge-shaped yellowing between the veins and 1/8 round, brown spots. Look for vascular discoloration. Plants may wilt and die.	All geraniums are susceptible. Do not place ivy geraniums over geraniums. When infected, they often do not show any distinct symptoms, perhaps only loss of vigor, and will serve as innoculum source. Monitor areas closely with geraniums from different suppliers present. If possible, buy from one supplier.
*See Sanderson, J, P. Davis, and R. Ferrentino. 1994. A better, easier way to sample for whiteflies on poinsettias. Greenhouse Manager 13(6) 71-76. For more detailed descriptions of key insect pests, consult: A Guide to Insects and Related Pests of Floricultural Crops In New England. For Commercial Growers. A.G. Gentile and D.T. Scanlon. Revised by Tina M. Smith, 1992. University of Massachusetts Cooperative Extension System. C- 207. (Click on the UMass Extension Bookstore, Floriculture section, for details on ordering this publication.)

Using Sticky Cards
Yellow sticky cards are used to detect infestations of adult flying insects. Attach each card to a wire or wood stake. Glue two clothespins back-to-back. Attach one end of the clothespin to a stake and clip the card to the other clothespin. This will allow you to move the card upwards as the plant matures.

Each yellow sticky card should be numbered and placed in the greenhouse at the minimum rate of one card per 1,000 sq. ft.. Space the cards equally throughout the entire range in a grid pattern. Place cards near all entryways and vents. Small greenhouses (< 4,000 sq.ft.) can be scouted as one unit. Larger greenhouses should be divided into 2,000 to 3,000 sq. ft. sections for ease of scouting.

Change the cards weekly, and place new cards in the same areas of the greenhouse to track pest trends. Brief, concise and accurate information is one of the best tools available to make a pest management decision. Identify and record pest numbers in a notebook. Over time, population trends will emerge and provide direction for your pest management program.

Indicator Plants
Indicator plants are chosen from pest-infested plants in a greenhouse. The scout uses these plants to make a close, ongoing examination of a pest’s development through its life cycle and to monitor treatment effectiveness. Indicator plants should be marked and numbered with a colored flag or flagging tape so that the scout can identify them quickly each week.

Making Pest Management Decisions
Each week, the grower and scout should review the scouting information. Pest numbers recorded from sticky card counts and foliar inspections, the use of indicator plants, and located reservoirs of pests will help to prioritize a pest-management strategy.

Early detection will result in better pest management than a pest population that has become “out of control”. If problems are detected early, better pesticide coverage may be achieved due to a smaller canopy, and problem areas can be identified and treated, reducing the need for blanket pesticide applications. In addition, “green pesticides” and biologicals may be more successfully incorporated into the pest management program. Over time, growers will determine their individual threshold for a given pest. One grower may accept 10-15 thrips per sticky card per week, while another grower with a history of Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus will not accept 5 thrips per sticky card per week.

At the end of each season, the grower and scout should examine their records to identify trends in pest populations and to review their management strategies. The weekly scouting reports and action taken is the basis for decisions about current and future pest management strategies and for judging the efficacy and cost of any management action.

Prepared by

Tina M. Smith ¹ & Leanne Pundt ²

¹Extension Educator, Floriculture
Dept.of Plant and Soil Sciences
French Hall
UMass, Amherst, MA 01003

²Extension Educator
UConn Cooperative Extension
Haddam, CT

Links to Further Resources on the Web
Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA) has an excellent series of articles on IPM, such as this one on the Fundamentals of IPM. This includes strategies such as Monitoring, Tools for Pest and Weed Management, Useful Resources, and an appendix of Microbial Pesticide Manufacturers and Suppliers.

Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Crops . Another ATTRA publication covers IPM specifically for greenhouse crops, both vegetable and ornamental. Monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, insect growth regulators, and disease control methods are discussed. Tables include information on the newest biorational pesticides and biological control organisms. Excellent appendices list suppliers, techniques for monitoring and scouting, beneficial organisms, biorational pesticides.

University of Minnesota Extension's factsheet on Understanding Biological Control in Greenhouses -- particularly strong in its discussion of the limitations of the biological control agents, the role of the supplier, and the importance of the grower’s commitment andpatience. A useful appendix gives a table of the effect of chemicals on biological control agents.

Northeast Greenhouse IPM Notes is an excellent monthly 4- to 8-page newsletter from Cornell and Rutgers Cooperative Extensions. Updates are given on the current situation in NE greenhouses, describing insects, diseases and weeds that have caused particular problems this season, with suggestions for their control. Each issue contains several articles and short notes; in the June 2000 issue these included Weed Control in Container-grown Chrysanthemums and a discussion of newer products to help manage diseases on greenhouse crops.

Oklahoma Cooperative Extension's factsheet titled Information on Insecticides for Greenhouse Growers provides some useful background information that we have not found in other web-based factsheets, concerning the stage after scouting and monitoring. Various classes of both botanical and microbial insecticides are discussed, along with their specific modes of action. Another section looks at resistance and the considerations in managing resistance, as well as other factors that may influence insecticide effectiveness. Precautions are listed for use when integrating insecticide and biological controls, and tips are given for increasing insecticide efficiency on greenhouse crops. Finally, a glossary will help explain any terms you're not sure about!

In January 1999, the International Organisation for Biological Control ran a series of Grower Workshops in Australia on "IPM for Greenhouse/Protected Crops". Several of these talks have been posted on the Web, including

IPM Strategies for Cut Flower and Potted Flowering Plants in the US,

Development and Implementation of IPM in Ontario, Canada and

Practical IPM in Protected Crops - Management without Tears

Selected IPM Articles
2001 Annual Report
IPM Scouting and Decision Making
Western Flower Thrips: Biology And Control
Fungus Gnats and Shore Flies
A Grower's Guide to Using Biological Control for Silverleaf Whitefly on Poinsettias in the N.E. United States
Pointsettia - IPM Guidelines
Pest Management for Herbs
Pest Management for Vegetable Bedding Plants
Botrytis Blight of Greenhouse Crops
Managing Weeds in Your Greenhouse
Natural Enemies for Greenhouse Pests
Part I: How to Use Living Organisms for Pest Control
Part II: Parasites and Predators
Part III: Selection and Buying of Natural Enemies Species