Vertical Profiling Using the Color-Tec® Method to Identify Source Releases and Delineate CVOC Soil and Groundwater Plumes at the Former Naval Construction Battalion Center Davisville in North Kingstown, Rhode Island

Scott R. Anderson (Presenter) - Tetra Tech NUS, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA; John Wright, Lee Ann Sinagoga, Curtis A. Frye and Dave Barney

Installation and multiple rounds of sampling of approximately 200 wells and other traditional investigative procedures (soil sampling, synoptic groundwater events, Membrane Interface Probe sampling, seismic refraction surveys, etc.) performed over nearly 10 years of investigations have not completely identified the sources or adequately delineated the nature and extent of soil and groundwater CVOC impacts at Site 16 at the Former Naval Construction Battalion Center Davisville. In order to address significant data gaps, a comprehensive vertical profiling study employing the Color-Tec® method screening of soils from Direct Push Technology soil borings was performed across the site beginning with an initial variably spaced coarse grid (biased based on previous investigations) with refinements made based on real-time data collection. Over 1250 discrete soil samples were collected from approximately 150 soil borings. Discrete soil samples were collected from continuous soil cores every 5 feet at most locations with more frequent soil samples collected based on observed lithologies and PID responses. The Color-Tec® results provided semi-quantitative results for immediate decisions for the subsequent placement of soil borings and the delineation of impacted/non-impacted areas.  Approximately 400 soil samples spanning the full range of Color-Tec® results were sent to a fixed-base laboratory. Comparison of these results to the Color-Tec® results demonstrated a significant site-specific correlation allowing for identification of source areas not previously identified and significant refinement to the lateral and vertical extent of the soil and groundwater plumes. Based on the relatively low-cost ($10 per sample), a comprehensive vertical profiling study was able to be performed in real-time whereby significantly more soil samples were able to be analyzed compared to traditional fixed-base laboratory analyses, resulting in a better defined understanding of the nature and extent of the CVOC plumes.

Distance Collaboration Tools

Jean Balent, US EPA, Technology Innovation and Field Services Division, Washington DC

Project teams are increasingly challenged to work collaboratively in groups whose members may be spread across the country, with limited budgets, and under continual needs to quickly exchange and share information. Fortunately, there are many electronic tools that can help complete these projects in a timely and cost-effective manner. These tools have many names: “teamware”, “groupware” and “distance collaboration tools” just to name a few. As the last name suggests, these tools are designed to help groups work together virtually from any location as if members were in the same physical space. Examples of such distance collaboration tools include packages to host online meetings, solutions that share materials and computer applications in real-time with parties located off-site through the internet, web-based file storage, and specialized websites focused specifically around a defined team or project. In terms of using the Triad approach to site characterization, distance collaboration tools can provide the path through which real-time data can be reviewed, sampling plans can be quickly revised, and group members may all have the access and opportunity to review project information with no travel costs or time delays. The focus of this talk will highlight tools that are available free to EPA employees, and that in most cases can be used to collaborate with groups both internal and external to the Agency. Other commercial applications will also be discussed.

The Triad Decision Point – Efficiency, Value and Budget Control

Arthur Bogen, Environmental Planner, Valley Council of Governments, Derby, CT, James Olsen, CT Licensed Environmental Professional, Tighe and Bond, Middletown, CT

The Valley Council of Governments hosts the Regional Brownfields Partnership of West Central CT. The Partnership engages Licensed Environmental Professionals to perform environmental assessments on sites in the 25 communities eligible to receive the grant funding. The assessment funds come from EPA, the CT Department of Economic and Community Development and foundation and private sources. The bid process results in a set Scope of Work attached to a contract. Issues have arisen with Triad implementation and budget control practices.

The Scope of Work is developed in conference with the CT Department of Environmental Protection, the Partnership Technical Advisory Committee and subject to the EPA QAPP approval process. The Partnership Executive Committee votes to make the appropriation.  Invoices are reviewed by staff as part of the fiscal controls.  The contracts preclude any changes to the Scope and contract without the prior written approval of the staff.

The essence of the Triad approach is to be responsive to site conditions as environmental data are gathered during the investigation. This should lead to a more efficient approach to the full characterization of a site. That dynamic of the Triad approach and the control measures required by VCOG are in inherent conflict. The need to establish flexibility and yet retain monetary control is the topic of this presentation.

Advancing Triad in New Jersey through Laboratory Certification, Advancing Triad in New Jersey through Laboratory Certification

Amy J. Bowman, Stuart Nagourney (Presenter), New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ

The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) has worked to ensure that the Triad approach can be used at contaminated sites and properties throughout the state. One of the ways in which the state has achieved success in this arena is to offer laboratory certification for real-time measurement techniques. This certification is offered through the NJDEP’s Office of Quality Assurance. Through this program, state regulators are assured that the data acquired is reliable and of good quality.

Beginning in March of 2004, the NJDEP added the following analytical techniques to its fields of accreditation in the Environmental Laboratory Certification Program:

Field Immunoassay
Field gas chromatography
Field gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Field X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

These methods are certified in accordance with the requirements of N.J.A.C 7:18, "Regulations Governing the Certification of Laboratories and Environmental Measurements.”  The NJDEP continually updates the list of parameters that are offered for laboratory certification, and additional categories of real-time measurements may be added to the laboratory certification program in the future.

This presentation will discuss the process of obtaining laboratory certification for field analytical techniques in the state of New Jersey and show how this advances the use of Triad throughout the state.

Effective Funding Management Approaches for Triad Investigations

Sharon Budney, CHMM (Presenter) and Joseph Mayo, CDM

This presentation describes successful funding and budget management approaches used to implement the Triad approach at the case study site. CDM implemented the Triad approach during the remedial investigation at the Emmell’s Septic Landfill Superfund Site located in Galloway Township, New Jersey. This project was conducted under an EPA Region 2 Response Action Contract (RAC). Challenges facing EPA include limited funds and incremental funding over the life of projects. To help EPA Region 2 optimize the limited Superfund budget, CDM worked closely with the EPA remedial project manager to develop an incremental funding approach to support the Triad approach. 

One of the key features of the Triad approach is the development of flexible work plans that support field-level decision making. Managing a Triad project within the funding framework while providing the flexibility needed to support the Triad approach presents a number of challenges to EPA and its contractors. 

The Triad approach was implemented in three phases of field work at the Site:

- Groundwater screening combined with on-site laboratory analysis was used to estimate the vertical and horizontal extent of a shallow, volatile organic compound (VOC) groundwater plume. 

 - Membrane Interface Probe (MIP) screening technology was used to screen for non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in the source area.

- Groundwater screening was used to define the vertical and horizontal extent of the deep groundwater plume and establish screen intervals for monitoring wells.

Successful implementation of the Triad approach with limited and incremental funding requires detailed planning, clear statements of goals and contingencies, and frequent and effective communication with EPA’s technical and management personnel. These key elements are needed to support a successful Triad investigation for the case study project.

Use of a Collaborative Dataset to Enhance Data Representativeness

Louis Burkhardt (presenter), R. Joseph Fiacco, Jr., and Michael Ravella, Raytheon Company

The highly heterogeneous nature of stratified glacial sedimentary deposits results in complex distribution of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) within source zones and associated dissolved-phase plumes. Typically, source zones consist of residual dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL), diffused CVOCs, and/or sorbed CVOCs located in relatively low permeability zones. In some cases, these relatively low permeability zones are obvious silt or clay layers, but in many other cases they are indiscernibly finer-grained sand lenses that can be difficult to locate. Dissolved-phase CVOC plumes emanating from these source areas typically exhibit the general dimensions of the source area, due to minimal transverse dispersivity, and migrate within relatively high permeability zones.

Cost-effective characterization of CVOC sites in glaciated terrains requires an innovative approach, such as the Triad approach. The ultimate objective of a Triad investigation is to enhance data representativeness and reduce uncertainty. Historically, significant focus has been placed on reducing analytical uncertainty, with significantly less focus placed on reducing sampling uncertainty. One approach for reducing both sample and analytical uncertainty involves the generation of collaborative datasets. Collaborative datasets involve the collection of relatively closely spaced, lower-cost, semi-quantitative to quantitative field data combined with a limited number of strategically located, higher-cost, traditional, quantitative laboratory data (e.g., soil and groundwater samples). The traditional data are used to “calibrate” the field data, resulting in development of detailed three-dimensional characterization datasets.

A Triad investigation was conducted at a complex site in eastern Massachusetts. A collaborative dataset was generated using the membrane interface probe (MIP), modified Waterloo Profiler, and traditional monitoring wells. Collectively, these data were used to define a series of chlorinated solvent source areas and plumes at the site. Relative to historical investigations conducted at the site, development of a collaborative data set significantly reduced uncertainty associated with the site

Maximizing Use of Geological/Hydrogeological Data in Conceptual Site Model Development

Jacqueline C. Burton (Presenter), John M. Shafer, John L. Walker - Sundance Environmental and Energy Specialists, Ltd, Santa Fe, NM

Integrated and defensible geological and hydrogeological models are crucial components of a conceptual site model (CSM) throughout a Triad investigation. The geologic/hydrogeologic framework is normally heterogeneous and this heterogeneity must be understood to adequately define contamination and predicted migration patterns in a time and cost effective manner.

Normally, the geologic and hydrogeologic data for a site are presented in cross section views, tables and graphs of water level changes by well, hard copies of logs attached as an appendix, and the occasional schematic block diagram. It is difficult to ascertain the impact of these data as an integrated piece of the CSM in systematic planning, project design and sequencing of data collection. 

Our investigations have generated procedures for numerically coding geologic data from hard copy logs; entering these codes in a spreadsheet for generation of multiple geologic models based on lithologic stacking models; and rapid entry into 3D data analysis and visualization programs (e.g., EVS-Pro®).  Formats have been generated for assembling and integrating site aquifer data.  When entered into a 3D data analysis and visualization program, the geological/hydrogeological database becomes not only a spatially correct rendition of site conditions but also a useable, understandable setting for evaluating chemical distributions and determining critical information gaps. The process also generates an archive of the data utilized for decision making at each step of a Triad investigation.

Examples of application and benefits of this approach are given. The major benefit is reduction in cost through elimination of unnecessary data collection. Examples of specific applications include identifying flow path lines for correct placement of wells and subsurface sampling and understanding differing distributions of chemicals within the subsurface.

Tools and Approaches for Managing Multi-Site, Multi-Year, Large-Volume Datasets in Order to Allow and Enhance Triad Implementation

Regina Butler, 45 CES/CEVR - Portage Environmental, Cocoa Beach, FL

Much Triad literature focuses on the challenge of managing data for short-term individual projects. The management challenge of multiple sites and long-term projects conducted by multiple stakeholders is exponentially greater. To apply Triad principles and practices, large datasets must be accessible, comparable, and available for analysis. Data management is a barrier to adopting Triad at larger sites. This presentation describes challenges, issues, and constraints in a large program; tools and techniques developed to support Triad-like investigation, remediation, and management, and lessons learned in the process.

Since 1991, the 45th Space Wing (45SW) has spent over $150,000,000 on environmental cleanup at Cape Canaveral AFS and Patrick AFB. The Wing manages 165 sites including a number of 40+ acre space launch complexes with complicated use and contamination histories requiring multifaceted and innovative cleanup.
Triad concepts have been utilized on a programmatic level by implementing systematic project planning, maintaining dynamic work strategies, and managing projects using near real-time data management and analysis. Systematic project planning helps reduce uncertainty, focus field efforts, gain stakeholder consensus, and build trust. The 45SW has created programmatic guidance documents and data management tools to facilitate the planning and decision-making process. Programmatic guidance documents provide a template for consistent decision-making and streamline the workplanning process. Customized data management tools help index all relevant site and project-related documentation by site and phase, providing a quick, searchable reference for stakeholders. Some of the data is also hosted on the web, allowing remote access to stakeholders and providing a tool for public outreach. Finally, relevant data is linked into the GIS, enabling spatial review and analysis. This helps stakeholders define problems, understand issues, and more quickly reach solutions. Accessibility of information and responsiveness to stakeholder queries builds a strong foundation of trust, which translates into reduced uncertainty and greater flexibility during implementation.

Some Thoughts on Conceptual Site Models

Bradley Call - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, California

A central tenet of the US EPA’s Triad approach is application of systematic project planning. Triad practitioners have noted that the degree of effort applied to this planning varies considerably throughout the environmental restoration community.  For projects to realize the improved decision quality and cost savings possible with Triad, the systematic project planning must be comprehensive. Only with thorough planning can clear project objectives be determined and appropriate data collection strategies be formulated. The proper construction and application of conceptual site models is central to successful systematic project planning.

The assembly of a conceptual site model requires significant effort and resources. The intent is to gather all relevant information to facilitate decision making at the site. Often it is not enough to simply review the historical reports, but the important information from all earlier research and investigation must be collected, interpreted and presented in such a way so that it tells the story of where the contamination originated, where it is currently, where it may be going, and who may be adversely affected by it. Poor or incomplete conceptual site models can result in severe mistakes in remedy selection.

Many challenges must be overcome in successfully creating a conceptual site model.  These can include the reluctance some environmental consultants may have to exposing themselves to perceived liability by speculating on where contamination may be, its origin, or where it may be going. An additional challenge is terminology.  The term “conceptual site model” is understood differently by environmental restoration professionals, so clarifying what is meant is important. A third challenge involves communicating the importance of this aspect of the planning process to project managers, who may not perceive the value of historical report “data mining”, interviews, and site visits.

It is possible to overcome these challenges through education and good team communication. It may also require that we as a community develop principles to be consistently applied during the preparation of conceptual site models. We as a community of scientists and engineers should think back to our original introduction to the scientific method – problem conceptualization and hypothesis testing – and incorporate this idea into our planning for environmental restoration. It will serve us well as we strive to improve the quality of the important work we perform.

Improving Transparency in the Environmental Restoration Process

Bradley Call (Presenter) - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, California; Stephen DiZio and Paul Hadley - California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, California; Kira Lynch - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, Washington.

In the 30 years or so since the United States began to address problems of environmental contamination, inertia and complacency has arisen in the manner in which clean-up decisions are made. For most projects “correct” decision-making is predicated on the application of a specific process, which when completed is assumed to produce the appropriate outcome. An increasing number of practitioners have come to realize that this decision-making process is not effectively and transparently advancing projects to desired outcomes. Failure in this area has implications for public health, and also causes delays and increases the ultimate cost of the remediation. The lack of transparency may also reduce confidence by members of the public (increasingly active stakeholders) regarding current restoration efforts.

This lack of transparency arises from three general areas. The first is rooted in a lack of knowledge regarding key subjects. This is manifested in incomplete guidance, application of risk management for example, or in the failure to establish principles to guide selection of appropriate sampling strategies. Lack of principles for establishing the size of exposure units for risk assessment or for defining what each sample should represent also fall within this category. Second, a lack of transparency is linked to the variability in which established procedures are applied by various organizations and practitioners. A third contributor involves the inherent challenge of communicating complex technical topics. It takes care and experience to successfully communicate these concepts, to both colleagues and the public. 

Recent initiatives, such as the Triad approach, draw attention to the importance of detailed systematic project planning. Such planning requires identification of clear objectives, combined with knowledge of how the data will be used, that lead to the identification of appropriate sampling strategies. Lack of clarity in late project cycle evaluations such as the risk assessment hinders application of systematic project planning. Technical planning should begin with the end in mind.

Solutions to these problems lie within the grasp of the environmental restoration community. Efforts to correct the situation will likely include better involvement of all disciplines earlier in the project planning cycle. Breaking down the barriers that exist between disciplines will be a particular challenge. Identification of areas of ambiguity and conscious efforts to address this problem is also likely to be a part of the solution. Research and production of improved guidance will also be involved. Every opportunity should be taken within guidance documents to make the environmental restoration process more scientific and standardized. Lastly, leadership and collaboration between EPA and state regulatory agencies will be necessary to achieve progress on this problem.

In situ detection and analysis of soil gas samples through ion mobility spectroscopy

Ray Carter, Boise State University, Boise, ID

Relatively inexpensive, easily deployed and real-time methods for the detection and quantification of gaseous contaminants found in subsurface soils are needed to investigate and track contaminant plumes resulting from gasoline or solvent storage and transport facilities. The Ion Mobility Spectroscopy Team at Boise State University, in collaboration with Washington State University, has developed equipment and techniques that allow collection and continuous analysis of in situ subsurface soil gas samples through a field-deployable Ion Mobility Spectrometer (IMS).

This IMS system is encased in a 5-cm diameter by 130 cm long metal probe housing and connected via supply lines to the surface control and support systems. The entire system is self-contained and transportable, thus enabling field work in remote locations. Data can be interpreted at the site within moments of taking the sample, offering real-time characterization of the contaminants in the soil as opposed to traditional gas collection methods that can take hours to days for laboratory analysis. Additionally the IMS probe offers ease of use over traditional field gas chromatographic methods.

The IMS probe has been deployed to detect and quantify subsurface contamination of tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), methyl, tert-butyl ethylene (MTBE), ammonia, acetone, and other compounds with dynamic detection ranges between 3 ppb to 180 ppm. The IMS probe has been designed to be used in a stand-alone manner and deployed for extended periods of time. Field observations of contaminant plumes with our IMS have shown a number of halogenated compounds; these results were verified by analyzing gas samples collected with Summa canisters with a GC/MS in the laboratory. Preliminary results suggest that the IMS probe has the potential to provide affordable long-term monitoring at contaminated sites.

Case Study – Using Real-Time Field Measurements and Data Visualization for Efficient Site Assessment and Remedy Selection

Stephen S. Boynton (Presenter) - Subsurface Environmental Solutions, LLC; Susan D. Chapnick (Presenter) and Nancy R. Rothman - New Environmental Horizons, Inc.; Steve Greason - Site Lab Corporation

Rapid and comprehensive site assessment of a petroleum release to an earth-filled wharf was required to comply with a regulatory deadline. The Phase II site assessment, performed in compliance with the Massachusetts Contingency Plan (MCP), incorporated real-time analysis of soil samples using Ultra-Violet Fluorescence (UVF) spectroscopy and 3-D data visualization software. Sample locations were chosen based on the Conceptual Site Model (CSM) developed using historical information. The CSM included the location of one underground storage tank (UST) on the wharf. Real-time feedback from field measurements coupled with 3-D data visualization techniques showed an additional unanticipated “hot spot”. This allowed for altering the CSM as part of the dynamic project work approach. Real-time field analysis of 74 soil samples collected was performed by SiteLab using its Model UVF-3100 analyzer. The UVF-3100 was evaluated in 2001 by USEPA as part of the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program and was found to be a reliable field screening tool for measuring total petroleum hydrocarbons. Use of UVF allowed for more site coverage than would be obtained if all data were generated using fixed-laboratory analysis (due to cost/time constraints). Sampling and field testing were completed within 2 days. Comparability of UVF results with fixed-laboratory results for Extractable Petroleum Hydrocarbons (EPH), Volatile Petroleum Hydrocarbons (VPH), and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured by both relative percent difference between split sample results and through linear regression analysis. Results were independently evaluated using current MassDEP quality guidelines and shown to have acceptable comparability, representativeness, accuracy and precision for use in project decisions. Spatial visualization of contamination was performed using 3-D data visualization software that allowed for integration of vertical profiles to calculate specific mass and subsequent in situ volume of contamination, which assisted in the remedial strategy development.  

Implementing the Triad Approach to Enhance the Effectiveness of In-Situ Chemical Oxidation Applications

Camillo Coladonato, Environmental Resources Management, Boston, MA

A trichloroethene (TCE) source area was identified in a “homogeneous” overburden deposit using traditional investigation methods.  Two in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) applications were conducted to treat this source area.  Each time, post-application groundwater monitoring results showed localized rebound in TCE concentrations indicating that residual TCE existed.  A Triad investigation was implemented to enhance the remedial effectiveness.  Following an initial source zone injection of sodium permanganate, MIP borings were advanced in the area surrounding each injection well.  The electrical conductivity (EC) dipole array on the MIP was used to determine the presence or absence of unreacted sodium permanganate in the subsurface in real time.  The MIP was also used in conjunction with a photoionization detector (PID) and electron capture detector (ECD) to determine the distribution and relative concentrations TCE in the subsurface.  The real-time data provided by the MIP during the permanganate injection was used to pinpoint remaining high concentration CVOC zones in the subsurface that were not in contact with permanganate.  Direct-push tools and traditional wells were used to apply sodium and potassium permanganate in the remaining high concentration zones that were not in contact with the initial sodium permanganate injection.  Groundwater monitoring results confirm that the permanganate applications implemented using the Triad approach were much more effective at reducing contaminant concentrations and preventing concentration rebound than historic traditional investigation and  remedial strategies

Triad Case Study: Expedited Voc Source Area Investigation at Naval Base San Diego

Karen Collins (Presenter), Timothy Shields - Richard Brady & Associates, San Diego, CA; Jim Leather Navy - SPAWAR System Center, San Diego, CA; Darren Belton - Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest; Peter Stang – Trevet

Triad principles were used to expedite and optimize characterization of a volatile organic compound (VOC) plume at Naval Base San Diego, California originating from an off-site source. The objectives of this investigation were to identify potential sources of VOCs to groundwater, determine whether the VOC source(s) are Navy or non-Navy, and delineate VOCs in groundwater. All three elements of Triad – systematic planning, dynamic work strategy, and use of real-time in-situ measurement technologies – were implemented to manage decision uncertainty and refine the conceptual site model in real time. 

The Navy Site Characterization and Penetrometer System (SCAPS) was used to provide real-time, high-density data sets, and site data was communicated to project stakeholders daily via a project-secure SPAWAR website. The Navy SCAPS truck – outfitted with a cone penetrometer, membrane interface probe, and direct sampling ion trap mass spectrometry detector – was used to collect 2,775 vertical feet of lithologic data and 790 linear feet of VOC concentration data representative of the 295-acre site. A collaborative data set of 49 groundwater sample results from fixed-base laboratory EPA 8260B VOC analysis augmented the field analytical data. In addition, 11 temporary wells were surveyed in order to estimate the site groundwater gradient. Results from collaborative data sets identify five VOC plumes originating from off-site, non-Navy VOC sources. Implementation of the Triad approach for this investigation provided an expedited high-density data set and a refined conceptual site model in near real-time and resulted in cost avoidance estimated at $3M and schedule savings of approximately 6 years. 

Implementing Triad into Your Practice: If Triad is so Great, Why Hasn’t it Caught on?

Elizabeth Conroy, NJ Schools Development Authority, Trenton, NJ; Stuart Nagourney, NJDEP (Presenter)

The Triad approach, with its emphasis on site wide conceptual site models, increased sample density, and systematic planning is an improved model for the technical evaluation and clean up of contaminated sites. The Triad approach has long been touted as a great tool to manage contaminated sites cost-effectively while greatly reducing the project lifecycle. So why hasn't Triad taken off and what can be done to encourage the use of Triad at a programmatic level?
 
There are specific strategies that have been road-tested by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) for how to implement Triad at a program-level and how to address organizational, cost, and technical challenges.  The NJDEP has promoted and encouraged the use of Triad. For Triad to gain a foothold, upper management support is crucial. High-level management can actively support the use of Triad by endorsing it in writing and incorporating Triad into State regulations.
 
Implementing Triad at a programmatic level requires reallocation of staff resources and adjustments to project management styles because Triad takes more upfront involvement from all stakeholders. From a programmatic perspective, focusing Triad on specific projects, such as Brownfields Redevelopment, and assigning a permanent team full-time to manage Triad cases can help Triad gain traction within an organization.

 Additionally, developing relationships with those people and entities outside of the organization interested in participating in Triad is crucial. Educating and training the Organizational Staff on how to write a comprehensive CSM, how to develop a "workable" flexible work plan, and how to select appropriate real-time measurement methods is vital to implementing a Triad program.
 
Once the Triad program has gained a foothold, management should set yearly Triad implementation goals to expand the program. Finally, a key aspect to a successful Triad program is to publicize the successes. 

A Triad Case Study: Finding an Unexpected Trichloroethylene Source Area

Shane DeGross (Presenter) and Timothy Shields (Presenter) - Richard Brady & Associates, San Diego, CA; Ellen Casados - Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest

A Triad investigation saved time and money by identifying an unknown trichloroethylene (TCE) source area at Naval Weapons Station Concord, California. The original conceptual site model (CSM) identified a septic system as the primary source for TCE and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detected in groundwater. The septic system was also considered to be a potential source for other non-VOC contaminants of concern. The traditional method of investigation initially proposed would have installed permanent monitoring wells based on the existing CSM and analyzed all samples for a full suite of potential contaminants of concern. Instead, by using the Triad approach, the planning team quickly eliminated non-VOC contaminants of concern and identified a TCE source area upgradient of the septic system. Both fixed-base laboratory and in-situ analytical techniques were used to support real-time decision making during a rapidly-phased, near-continuous field investigation. The primary real-time technology used at the site was a membrane interface probe (MIP) with a direct-sample ion-sample mass spectrometer (DSITMS) deployed from the Navy’s Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS).

The planning team consisted of the Navy Project Manager, regulators, and Navy consultants. This was the first Triad project for many team members. Discussions among the planning team led to the development of a Remedial Investigation Work Plan and UFP-QAPP that promoted collaborative decision making between the Navy, regulators, and the field team to adapt sampling locations in response to real-time data and the emerging CSM.

As a result of using the Triad approach, the planning team had data available in time to optimize laboratory analyses and to choose monitoring well, soil, and soil gas sample locations that cost-effectively managed and reduced uncertainty about site characterization and risk assessment decisions. 

Evaluation of the Waterloo Profiler as a Dynamic Site Investigation Tool

Maelle Duquoc, Environmental Resources Management, Boston, MA

Traditional environmental site investigations are typically conducted using a phased approach that consists of a repetitive cycle of design, drilling, sampling and data evaluation. Over the years, a number of tools have been developed to reduce the number of required iterations by collecting and analyzing “real-time” data in the field, a process commonly referred to as a dynamic site investigation process. Field data are evaluated on a continuous basis and the field program can be modified, as appropriate. Dynamic site investigations were conducted using the modified Waterloo Profiler (Profiler) at multiple sites impacted by chlorinated solvents in groundwater.

The Profiler is a specialized sampling tool that is designed to collect real-time, high-resolution hydraulic conductivity information and depth-discrete groundwater samples. The combination of those two capabilities allows for determining appropriate sampling location in zones of higher K, spatial variability of contaminant concentrations and eventual matrix diffusion occurrence. Groundwater samples are collected using standard low-flow sampling techniques and can be analyzed in the field for geochemical field parameters and contaminants of concern. Strong correlations are suggested between data generated with the Profiler and traditional methods (cone penetrometer, traditional soil logging techniques, grain size analyses, nearby monitoring wells analytical results). At the conclusion of a dynamic site investigation using the Profiler, a high resolution 3-D conceptual site model with geologic, hydrogeologic, and contaminant data is available.

Demystifying the DMA (Demonstration of Method Applicability)

Stephen Dyment, U.S. EPA, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Technology Integration and Information Branch, Washington DC

The DMA is critical in evaluating and understanding the utility of any real time measurement technology or novel approach at a site. In accordance with Triad’s goal of managing decision uncertainty, a DMA provides an initial look at any technology or strategy performance in terms of its ability to meet project decision criteria and guide dynamic work strategies. 

The DMA can take many forms such as a comparison of a field based analytical method to a more established laboratory method or an evaluation of whether a particular tool or approach will work at a specific site. The format of a DMA is dictated by site characteristics and the intended use of the data. The resulting efforts provide many project benefits including: strategies to deal with matrix heterogeneity, testing a preliminary CSM to refine sampling protocols, development of field based action levels, designing appropriate QA/QC requirements, using collaborative data sets, improving data management, determining contingencies, and evaluating sample throughput/project staffing or other logistics.

This presentation will include an overview of the DMA process and provide examples of how DMAs have been structured under Triad projects. Examples are expected to highlight the multitude of activities than can be considered for a DMA while demystifying the process and providing a platform to design a DMA for your next Triad project.

If you Think you Aren’t Compositing at your Site………….. THINK AGAIN!

Stephen Dyment (Presenter) - U.S. EPA, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation Technology Integration and Information Branch, Washington DC; Bob Johnson - Argonne National Laboratory; Deana Crumbling - U.S. EPA, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation Technology Integration and Information Branch; Richard Hammond - U.S. EPA Region IV, Federal Facilities Branch, Knowledge Management Team

Recent advancements in the understanding of small scale variability within decision units and environmental samples themselves has made the concepts of multi-incremental averaging and adaptive compositing more widely accepted within some regulatory frameworks. Yet, many individuals and regulatory agencies still do not accept these methods due to fears of “contaminant dilution”. This session will examine these fears and provide actual data that not only illustrate the effectiveness of these sampling schemes but show that discrete samples are actually composites on micro scales. Exclusively using these micro-scale composites or discrete samples can actually contribute to “missing” the very contamination that these samples are designed to search for.

The session will differentiate between composites and multi-increment samples as well as illustrate how they can be used in sampling schemes designed to search for contamination and obtain representative average concentrations for decisions units.  Material will also evaluate how discrete samples used at many sites can be misleading and how sample support can have a direct effect on sample concentrations and representativeness. This session draws on explosives work completed by the US Army CRREL and others but will show the applicability and necessity of these approaches for a variety of contaminants.

Using Triad at Multiple Sites to Enhance Data Representativeness

R. Joseph Fiacco, Jr., Environmental Resources Management, Boston, MA

Implementation of the Triad approach at eight sites has led to significant enhancements in data representativeness in all cases. Seven of the eight sites had been previously investigated and remedial activities had been conducted at four of the sites. Significant assessment and remediation dollars had been spent at these sites over periods of 10 to 25 years before completion of the Triad investigations.

Detailed horizontal and vertical geology, hydrogeology, soil and/or groundwater quality data were generated at these sites using passive soil gas sampling methods and various direct-push sampling techniques. Field analytical techniques were typically used to generate real-time data and support real-time decision-making.

A series of common findings came out of these detailed investigation programs, including:
• traditional soil and groundwater sampling practices regularly produce low quality data with respect to sampling uncertainty in both homogenous and heterogeneous geologic environments;
• source areas exist beneath nearly all manufacturing buildings, with only a fraction having been identified;
• Phase I-type investigations typically miss at least one source area (who knew they dumped solvents out the side door during the 1960s);
• source area architecture at DNAPL sites is complex (even homogeneous geologies contain heterogeneities, which control DNAPL distribution);
• contaminant mass present in relatively low permeability layers represents source areas, even if they are not located near the initial release location (i.e., matrix diffusion from plumes);
• contaminant mass in relatively high permeability layers represents the mass discharge from these source areas; and
• plume dimensions are typically consistent with source area dimensions (if they are not, then the plume is either affected by a transient groundwater flow system or there is another source or two lurking about).

Managing Social Risk and Building Social Capital as a Foundation for Innovation in Hazardous Waste Site Management - The Region III/IV DoD/State/EPA Installation Restoration Partnering Initiative

Joe Foran, The Management Edge, Inc., Cumberland, ME

Triad projects require that regulators, the regulated community, specialists, and contractors work together constructively and creatively. Site clean-up overtly involves management of a variety of risks (toxicological, legal, contractual, etc.). Yet ironically, the greatest source of risk, that these multiple organizations cannot find common ground, establish common goals, and develop real trust, what we term “social risk”, is typically not overtly managed at all.

This session shows how social risk can be intentionally and effectively managed and will introduce the concept of Social Capital as an aid in understanding how multi-organizational collaboration can be reliably achieved, sustained, and optimized over time.

The session uses case studies from the DoD/State/EPA IRP Partnerships in Regions III and IV (Mid-Atlantic and Southeast) over the past twelve years. These partnerships implemented a disciplined, staged, and research-based process that intentionally builds social capital (and manages social risk), creating fertile ground for cooperative, dynamic, innovative approaches to assessment and remediation. Over 100 DoD facilities have gone through the Partnering process, with an aggregate Return On Investment (ROI) calculated by DoD to be at least 10 to 1.   

A focus will be the highly-innovative and successful Large-Diameter Auger/Steam/EZVI DNAPL remediation technology employed at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Utilizing real-time analysis of off-gas to dynamically modify treatment locations, depths, and protocols, this technology is the best example of Triad principles applied to remediation, and an excellent example of what intentional collaboration can achieve.  

Enhancing Communication amongst all Team Members to Benefit Systematic Project Planning

Raymond Franson, ITRC Sampling, Characterization and Monitoring Team, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Lee's Summit, MO

In the Triad Approach, Systematic Project Planning provides a framework to maximize project efficiency and effectiveness. However, if communication amongst the team triangle of regulators, the regulated entity and contractors breaks down, the project will suffer despite Systematic Project Planning. Communication problems often arise within the triangle even when all three groups have the best of intentions. What began as simple communication problems often escalate to serious project disputes. This presentation explores how to avoid communication pitfalls and their consequences with two approaches. First, the perspective and constraints of each of the three groups is examined. Misunderstandings and even suspicion can arise by simply not understanding the perspectives and constraints that each party brings to the project. Second, a set of guidelines aimed at maximizing trust and communication is proposed for interacting in meetings, on phone calls, via email and in the field. Examples include working through bureaucracies within each group and being able to respond to the inevitable personnel changes that occur during a project. Understanding the perspective of each group and using the communication guidelines from the start of a project can head off simple issues that frequently lead to communication problems over the course of a project.

Real-time Remediation Performance Optimization

Karyn Igar and William F. Girolamo (Presenter), Environmental Data Solutions Group, LLC

Environmental Data Solutions Group, LLC (EDSG) has developed an integrated remediation optimization strategy (“iROS”) that uses dynamic work strategies and real-time measurement systems to optimize contaminant mass removal, as recommended by the Triad Approach. EDSG applied iROS to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of a vacuum enhanced free product recovery (VEFPR) system for a large LNAPL plume system in Southern California, and operations at the site are aligned with Triad. iROS incorporates automation and a sophisticated remediation management information system (RMIS) to optimize Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPL) recovery pumping operations based on real-time measurement of hydrocarbon thickness in each recovery well. As part of iROS, EDSG developed patent pending Continuous Fluid Level Monitoring System (CFLMS) to continuously measure the depth to LNAPL and depth to water in a well. When integrated into the RMIS, CFLMS automatically controls the operation of the pump based on the real-time measurement of LNAPL thickness in the well. Besides pump automation, CFLMS and RMIS provide real-time information for each well to the project team that facilitates dynamic work strategies to continuously improve the effectiveness and the efficiency of the remediation system. Using CFLMS and RMIS to collect, store, and then visualize the continuously collected well data, the engineers and geologists regularly see and implement improvements to the VEFPR system so that system operations are more effective. By having real-time subsurface monitoring data available for each well, field personnel know when a problem occurs and can troubleshoot the issue immediately to maximize the system efficiency instead of spending their time to monitor to identify the issues. As a result of using CFLMS and RMIS for continuous real-time measurements and dynamic work strategies, EDSG forecasts that LNAPL recovery will be completed roughly half the time and with a savings of $1 million to $5 million when compared to conventional VEFPR alone.

Building a Consensus Vision using Conceptual Site Models

Logan Hackett (Presenter), Robert Howe – TetraTech EMI, Boulder, CO; Dan Powell - US EPA OSTRI

To expedite a project reaching its goals as efficiently as possible, it is important to build a consensus vision among stakeholders who commonly have differing expectations for a successful project. A team’s ability to build an adequate CSM to arrive at a consensus vision may depend on the following key factors: 1) clarity of CSM presentation; 2) amount of data available for the site; 3) clarity of the intended reuse; 4) stakeholder expectations and past experiences; and 5) economic and time constraints.

Complexities at a site need to be simplified into easy to understand CSM elements that enhance a Triad advocate’s ability to build consensus vision among project stakeholders. When complex issues of the CSM are presented in a simple and sensible fashion, they become integrated into the stakeholder’s consensus vision.  With an increased understanding of site issues, stakeholders take ownership of a project and can more clearly express their project concerns. If data collection is needed, a preferred sequence of efforts should be agreed on to promote confidence in specific elements of the CSM.  Clarity of reuse can be an important controlling factor for a project. Use of the CSM to demonstrate potential cost impacts can motivate stakeholders to move toward the available reuse options, before proceeding with the preparation of project work plans. 

Acceptable disagreement on key aspects of a CSM can be viewed as a form of consensus vision – clarified through testing during data collection. Tetra Tech has attempted to create a regimented framework for compilation of information required in a CSM at dozens of sites over the last eight years of our US EPA OSRTI technical support center efforts. Useful tools, such as a preliminary CSM and structured systematic planning meetings, can be used to gain round-table agreement and promote the development of consensus visions for sites.

Possible work products and strategies for building consensus visions at sites will be discussed in this presentation. Lessons learned and examples of what has worked and not worked at sites in various stages of the planning and implementation process will be presented. Methods for bringing consensus vision with stakeholders during project design will be discussed in the context of real-world examples from the US EPA Brownfields, Superfund, and RCRA technical support programs.

Stakeholder participation and the Conceptual Site Model

Richard Hammond, EKM Team Leader, US EPA, Atlanta, GA

While the Conceptual Site Models (CSM) play a pivotal role in the Triad process, to date, the link between the CSM and stakeholder participation has been only loosely established. While regulations often require stakeholder participation, the frequent use of subjective, non-parametric statistical models in Triad projects dictates that stakeholder participation is not “merely” a best management practice or a regulatory requirement that can be fulfilled by checking off a box on a form. Rather, stakeholder participation is a foundational requirement of non-parametric modeling. 

This presentation explores the definition of the CSM, its use in the Triad approach and establishes the absolute necessity of true stakeholder participation. Some of the topics explored are:

• What is the link between Conceptualization, Representativeness and Stakeholder Participation?
• Why is “buy-in” not a good thing?
• The definition of Participation – the participants must be able to affect the process
• Participatory mapping – a powerful tool to increase stakeholder participation
• Additionally, a prototype software for developing CSMs will be demonstrated.

The Triad Approach in Europe – Progress and Barriers

Timothy Hart, Secretary of FASA, Cybersense Biosystems Limited, Abingdon, UK

FASA is a new UK-based Association managed by IPM-Net, the UK Government’s Knowledge Transfer Network for the Environment sector. FASA was set up to bring together international expertise from suppliers and manufacturers of real-time measurement technologies for contaminated land work. Its mission is to promote the more widespread and appropriate use of field analytics through education, knowledge sharing and dissemination. FASA hosts the EU Triad Community of Practice (CoP), which is a sub-group of the US Triad CoP, and its specific role is to promote the Triad Approach across Europe.

The EU Triad CoP is collecting together case studies of previous projects which have been executed across Europe and have followed Triad principles. The CoP also encourages and supports other practitioners in the planning and execution of Triad projects.

In this presentation we will review a variety of European style Triad projects, describing the successes and failures, how much of the Triad approach each project utilized, the drivers for adopting the approach, and time and cost savings realized. Specific examples to be profiled include: remediation project of a former railway area in Sweden; a comparison of conventional vs. Triad-like approaches to site characterization in Germany; and remediation of an old colliery site in UK.

The presentation will also focus on barriers and opportunities for the more widespread implementation of the Triad approach across Europe in the context of regulatory frameworks and current commercial working practices.

Creating a Decision Hierarchy and Heuristic Project Designs

Robert Howe (Presenter), Logan Hackett - Tetra Tech EM Inc., Boulder, CO; Steve Dyment - US EPA OSTRI, Washington DC

During systematic planning at hazardous waste sites, development of a well designed hierarchy for decision making is essential to selecting the right tools and correct sequencing of data collection activities. Decision hierarchies need to address in order of priority regulatory process requirements that can impact the success of a project.  Potential action levels require careful consideration in the light of intended property reuse and project economic and practical constraints. The efficiency of an application for a specific technology may also benefit from placing the data collection activity in a sequence where the data collected can be of the greatest benefit to project planning. 

Over the last 8 years, Tetra Tech, as a technical consultant for US EPA OSTRI, has experienced the challenges encountered when project teams tackle defining decision hierarchies and related heuristic (dynamic work strategy) project designs. In this presentation, several examples are provided of how decision hierarchies were developed at large and small hazardous waste sites. Methods for moving project teams toward unfamiliar sequences of heuristic activities and collaborative data sets to more efficiently reach project objectives are presented. Lessons learned concerning the importance of sequencing to saving time and money are presented.  Examples of decision hierarchies and related dynamic work strategies are provided. Bottom line issues that challenge even the most experienced Triad advocate such as overcoming a lack of experience with particular technologies, lack of the appropriate data or expertise to support project planning, and many other tips of the trade for planning a successful Triad project will be discussed.

Programmatic Methods for Addressing Contaminated Volume Uncertainties

Robert Johnson (Presenter), Lisa A. Durham - Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL; Fredrick L. Boglione - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Buffalo District

Accurate estimates of the volumes of contaminated soils or sediments are critical to effective program planning and to successfully designing and implementing remedial actions. Unfortunately, data available to support the pre-remedial design are often sparse and insufficient for accurately estimating contaminated soil volumes, resulting in significant uncertainty associated with these volume estimates. The uncertainty in the soil volume estimates significantly contributes to the uncertainty in the overall project cost estimates, especially since excavation and off-site disposal are the primary cost items in soil remedial action projects. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Buffalo District’s experience has been that historical contaminated soil volume estimates developed under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) often underestimated the actual volume of subsurface contaminated soils requiring excavation during the course of a remedial activity. In response, the Buffalo District has adopted a variety of programmatic methods for addressing contaminated volume uncertainties. These include developing final status survey protocols prior to remedial design, explicitly estimating the uncertainty associated with volume estimates, investing in pre-design data collection to reduce volume uncertainties, and incorporating dynamic work strategies and real-time analytics in pre-design characterization and remediation activities. This paper describes some of these experiences in greater detail, drawing from the knowledge gained at several FUSRAP sites.  A case study is presented demonstrating how these approaches provided the Buffalo District with an accurate pre-design contaminated volume estimate at the Rattlesnake Creek site.

Volatile Organic Compound Investigation in a Complex Glacial Flow System 

Seth Kellogg (Presenter), Susan Schofield, CDM; Lorenzo Thantu, USEPA

A Triad like investigation approach was used to assess the vertical and horizontal extent of solvent groundwater contamination at a Superfund Site in Dutchess County, New York. The site geology has been impacted by multiple glaciations, creating a complex stratigraphy where units of varied hydraulic conductivities are mixed and localized. Historic site data showed spatially discontinuous detections of TCE and 1,1,1-TCA in both vapors and groundwater. The investigation was designed using a Triad like approach to conduct residential well sampling, groundwater screening, and monitoring well installation. Samples were collected from approximately 60 residential wells to further define the potential extent of the plume, however, based on limited well construction information, this data was of limited use. A groundwater screening survey was conducted to provide high density lithologic and contaminant data on transects perpendicular to the plume axis. An on-site laboratory providing 24-hour turn around time data, was used and sample results were reviewed daily by the field team and stakeholders. Frequent conference calls were held to discuss relocation or elimination of sampling locations. Based on the quick turn-around data, eight locations were eliminated, three locations were added and one location was modified. The flexibility of the sampling approach allowed more precise delineation of the plume. The groundwater screening investigation provided critical information on site lithology and a basis for permanent monitoring well locations. Utilizing the groundwater screening, residential well and the monitoring well data as collaborative data sets provided a more complete understanding of the complex contaminant migration at the site. Lessons learned include: UFP-QAPP; stakeholder involvement; team buy-in; sample quality and team expectations.

Using Innovative Real-Time Field Analysis to Characterize a 1,4-Dioxane Plume in Wetlands Using the Triad Approach

Jackson Kiker, Jeff Donovan, Al Easterday, ECC; Michael Rossi, David Crosby, Stone Environmental, Inc.

Awareness of 1,4-Dioxane as an emerging contaminant of concern associated with chlorinated VOC (CVOC) plume releases raises public and regulatory concerns over past or potential future exposure. Because 1,4-Dioxane’s hydrophilic properties and low soil-partitioning result in 1,4-Dioxane migration ahead of co-released CVOCs, a plume previously defined by CVOC extent required timely re-characterization.

Limited wetlands access and project economics required setting proper piezometer screen intervals using hollow-stem auger (HSA) methods to intercept 1,4-Dioxane during a single mobilization. Original proposed investigation plan was based on a conventional approach with long equipment down-times waiting for off-site analytical results at a costly premium for quick turnaround time.

Utilizing an innovative technique like Headspace Solid Phase Micro-Extraction with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HS/SPME/GC/MS), allowed for plume characterization using a Triad dynamic work strategy. 

Using HS/SPME/GC/MS, the Henry’s Law dynamic equilibrium between gas-phase and dissolved 1,4-Dioxane is disturbed by irreversible 1,4-Dioxane adsorption onto the SPME fiber.  Following Le Chatlier's principle, there is a net transfer of 1,4-Dioxane from solution to gas-phase, then SPME extraction, which results in higher extraction efficiencies compared to purge and trap methods.

Open communication and systematic planning with initially skeptical stakeholders allowed for objective evaluation and managing uncertainty in using such an innovative method in the field for the first-time. Demonstration of Method Applicability was conducted in the field at the project site. USEPA provided performance evaluation (PE) samples for analysis and quality assurance (QA) samples were sent to an off-site Navy certified laboratory. Statistical evaluation of these PE and QA analyses was conducted, and the technique was deemed acceptable for use.

An adaptive sampling approach was followed once the HS/SPME/GC/MS real-time field characterization method was approved for use, which allowed for refinement of the conceptual site model (CSM), a more cost-effective plume characterization, and a single field mobilization.

A Strategy for Using Direct Push Technologies and a Geostatistical Adaptive Sampling Method for the Characterization of Former Manufactured Gas Plant Sites

Bruce Kjartanson (Presenter), Department of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario; G.A. Stenback - Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa;  J. Golchin - Energy and Environment Research Group, Ames, Iowa; D.Hargens - Alliant Energy, Cedar Rapids, Iowa

Remediation of former manufactured gas plant (FMGP) sites is challenging and complex because of the manner of movement, the disposition, and the persistence of dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) coal-tar residues in the subsurface. The decision-making process for the remediation of these sites requires an adequate understanding of the subsurface disposition of the coal tar residuals and the fate and transport of compounds dissolved from these residuals into the groundwater. This in turn requires understanding the geological and hydrogeological site conceptual models; i.e. the need to understand the site geology and contaminant migration pathways (groundwater flow paths) before locating the contaminants and tracing them. 

This paper describes how direct push technologies (DPTs), including both percussion probing equipment and cone penetrometers, in concert with geostatistical adaptive sampling analysis, can be used in the characterization of FMGP sites. The DPT tools and methods discussed include soil electrical conductivity and laser induced fluorescence sensors, and groundwater and soil sampling tools. In addition, a geostatistical adaptive sampling method that provides a measure of the uncertainty at unsampled locations on the basis of existing data is described. The method can be used within a dynamic work plan to assist with subsequent sample location selection to decrease uncertainty in the conceptual site model. A strategy for the characterization of FMGP sites, incorporating the effective use of DPT tools and the geostatistical adaptive sampling method, is described. 

Hydraulic Parameter and Mass Flux Distribution Using the High-Resolution Piezocone and GMS

Mark Kram, Groundswell, Norm Jones, Jessica Chau, Gary Robbins, Amvrossios Bagtzoglou, Jeff Farrar, Thomas D. Dalzell - U.S. Navy, Port Hueneme, CA

Understanding ground water flow pathways, gradients, and the distribution of contaminant mass flux is essential for proper remedial design, risk determination, and evaluation of remediation effectiveness. Conventional long-screened wells are not adequate for determining ground water and contaminant flow pathways in three dimensions. Therefore, flux distribution estimates resulting from non-discreet well measurements can be flawed. The objective of this project is to demonstrate the use of the high-resolution piezocone direct push sensor probe to determine direction and rate of ground water flow in three dimensions. Field hydraulic measurements can be used to determine seepage velocity distributions through interpolation methods recently incorporated into Groundwater Modeling System. Probe data comprised of soil type and co-located hydraulic information is particularly amenable to innovative data fusion based interpolations available through the modeling platform. Following chemical concentration data collection, these innovative data processing approaches allow for the determination of flux distributions at resolutions and spatial configurations never before available. Field scale data collection, interpolation, and modeling results will be presented and discussed.

Direct Sensing Probes, Collaborative Data Sets and Rapid CSM Advancement

James Mack (Presenter), New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey; Jason Ruf - S2C2, Inc, Raritan, New Jersey

Advancing or maturing the Conceptual Site Model (CSM) is one of the core principles of Triad and is the objective of every Triad investigation. Because many times the uncertainty contained in the CSM is caused by heterogeneity, the most effective means for advancing the CSM is increasing data density. Direct sensing probes create high density data sets, particularly in the vertical direction, but need to be used in conjunction with other conventional methods to assure confidence in the results. Integrating data from several overlapping methods builds collaborative data sets, which are more robust than results from one testing method alone. In this manner the CSM can be quickly advanced without sacrificing analytical certainty. 

In recent years, the authors have had experience using several different direct sensing probes in combination with other testing methods to produce collaborative data sets for rapid CSM development. These probes are the Wenner Array electrical conductivity probe (EC), the Membrane Interface Probe (MIP) and a Fuel Fluorescence Detector (FFD). These devices produce significant amounts of data in a continuous log format. However, this is qualitative data, not analytical measurements of actual concentrations. The output from the probes is reported in various types of electronic signals, depending on the detectors used. These signals can be processed by commercially available third-party software, which allows them to be imported into ESRI’s ArcScene® for 3D imaging. Modeling the signals by intensity allows imaging of zones of chemical concentration, which when combined with lithology imaging, illustrates the effects of heterogeneity. From this image, discrete interval soil and groundwater samples can be “targeted” to verify chemical concentrations using standard analytical methods. The combination of downhole, direct-sensing data, and discrete sample analytical results form a collaborative data set.

Several case studies are presented that provide examples of this process. These examples range from rapid delineation of a hydrocarbon impact area to identification of a specific depth interval of reductive dechlorination. In each case the CSM was rapidly advanced by initially using direct sensing probes to quickly increase data density followed by discrete interval sampling to complement the probe data and create collaborative data sets.    

Using Mobile Measurement Computing and Communication Devices for Conceptual Site Model Refinement

Louis Martino (presenter), Todd Kimmell, Robert Sullivan, David LePoire, Joseph Adduci, Pamela Richmond, Robert Johnson-all Argonne National Laboratory, and John Wrobel-U.S. Army Garrison, Aberdeen Proving Ground

Using a suite of mobile technologies, the investigators refined the conceptual site model (CSM) at a closed open burning (OB) and open detonation (OD) facility. The research site consisted of several disposal trenches and bordering areas where byproducts from OB/OD operations were pushed out of the disposal trenches into and toward an estuary. We used a Bluetooth®-enabled X-ray fluorescence (XRF) unit to perform real-time analyses of soil potentially impacted by OB/OD activities. With a geographic information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS)-enabled Bluetooth personal digital assistant (PDA), plus tablet personal computer (PC) equipped with cellular modem, we collected, manipulated, and disseminated the real time analytical results to our central office, where GIS analysts incorporated the data into a GIS-enabled web site using ArcIMS™ software. We used a sensor to obtain XRF readings from more than 150 sample locations over a three-day period. While in the field, we were able to view our mapped data with our tablet PC within about two hours of collecting it. While on-site, we could query our samples to see contamination trends and values and perform additional XRF measurements as needed to delineate areas with elevated measurement results. Results of the field effort corroborated the generally understood CSM and allowed investigators to focus conventional sampling/analysis efforts in specific areas at the site. In general, the XRF results proved to be a good predictor of areas that required follow-on efforts involving risk characterization, communication, and management. The value of our field effort was greatly improved by the fact that we could (1) map and evaluate results instantly, (2) share data amongst multiple subject matter experts who could not otherwise be present at the site while data collection occurred, and (3) conduct preliminary quality assurance/quality control scrutiny while in the field.

Reasons for Using Sound Science and QA/QC Processes and Procedures

James Mc Ateer, QA/QC Solutions, LLC

The reasons for using sound science and following QA/QC processes and procedures is simple:  if the overall quality and usability of the data is unknown, then its intended purpose(s) may not be met and decision(s) made may be incorrect. Using sound science and following appropriate QA/QC processes and procedures are critical to make sure your data are meaningful, valid, and legally defensible.

Decisions using chemical data can only be made with confidence by knowing, in part, the following: 1) the purpose of the project was clearly stated; 2) proper DQOs were established; 3) proper types and numbers of samples were collected, that sampling locations were appropriate, and that correct sample collection techniques were used; 4) appropriate analytical methods were used and analyses were completed properly; 5) data verification and data validation were properly completed; 6) the data sets were subjected to a proper data quality assessment (DQA) and usability evaluation; and, 7) a “reality check” was done to confirm the findings and that any decision(s) made were correct.

Some of the QA/QC processes and procedures that should be completed to define the overall quality of analytical data will be briefly summarized. Case examples will be used to show how incorrect interpretations and decisions can be made when an inappropriate analytical method for the determination of petroleum hydrocarbons (and the subsequent data interpretation) is selected and how incorrect interpretations and conclusions are made with PCB data when “sound science” was not used and the data reported are not properly evaluated. Other examples may be used to show how other types of errors may be encountered when sound science and QA/QC processes and procedures are not completed or are completed incorrectly.

Triad Case Study: Innovative High Resolution ERI Used in Real-time to Guide Soil Boring/Well Placement and Remediation; Elusive LNAPL Sources Located Rapidly at Lower Cost

Stuart McDonald, Aestus, LLC, Loveland, CO

Current understanding of the subsurface is most often derived from samples at discrete points (wells) and interpolations or low data density models that fill in the space between these points. Proprietary high resolution Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) combined with cutting edge data acquisition and data processing techniques have facilitated the ability to map contaminants (especially LNAPLs and DNAPLs) using actual field data in virtually any geologic setting. These field data can be input to a suite of high data density visualization software to generate accurate 3-D images of contaminant plumes in the subsurface.

This methodology has been proven to accurately map NAPLs and dissolved phase contamination at a number of sites managed by State and EPA regulators. As a result of this work, a significantly improved and different understanding of NAPL behavior and transport in the subsurface has emerged. Specifically, NAPL has been found to accumulate in discrete “blobs” (sometimes below the groundwater table in the case of LNAPLs) rendering conventional investigation techniques largely ineffective and incomplete. 2-D and 3-D subsurface images provide a more accurate estimate of in-situ contaminant volumes and locations, which results in significantly improved Site Conceptual Models (SCMs) and reduced site characterization and remediation costs.

This presentation will review the above concepts in the context of an actual case study where a Triad approach was successfully employed to locate elusive LNAPL source areas causing vapor intrusion issues into a government office building. Specifically, high resolution ERI geophysical methods were employed to image locations of LNAPL in the field in real-time, and to guide confirmatory drilling work that was performed concurrent with the geophysics work. This dynamic work strategy facilitated a successful and thorough site characterization in one week of field work, subsequent to a lengthy, costly, and unsuccessful conventional site characterization/remediation program.

Accept Nothing Less: Better Data Management for Better Decision Support and Lower Costs

Matthew T. Mellon, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Atlantic Region (Region 3), Philadelphia, PA, USA.

The primary purpose of all investigation and data collection efforts at any site or project is to support decisions. Decisions are made throughout the entire time frame of a project. They may include whether further action is required, and if so, what actions must be undertaken, and even a decision as to whether enough data have been collected to make any subsequent decisions. To that end, data is collected to characterize conditions and subsequent actual or potential risk at a site. In addition, in support of the decision-making process, this information is repeatedly handled and manipulated for the purposes of communicating conditions and risk to decision-makers, stakeholders, and the public at large. It is critical that site information be available in a format that can be efficiently reviewed and shared amongst project members in order to make defensible site decisions.

This presentation will provide an overview of the too-often-lacking basic principles of data management, from the initial planning of field work to the ultimate preparation of decision-support documents. Particular emphasis will be placed on careful planning and techniques or methodologies to automate data management and processing to the greatest extent possible, thus eliminating many common errors. In addition, a number of data management, manipulation, and visualization tools will be presented, including both proprietary/commercial, and open-source products (with no specific endorsement intended or implied). The presentation will provide enough of an overview to assist attendees in better managing contracts that include data management (whether explicitly or implicitly), or for those under contract to see what decision makers should be requiring of them if they are not already. The goal is to see data flows from field and lab produce robust and defensible figures in minutes instead of hours or days.

Case Studies: Triad Used to Conduct Indoor Air Assessments at Active Installations

Sheri Moore (presenter), USACE; Troy Bussey, General Dynamics, Fort Lewis; Marc Connally, Fairchild Air Force Base; Blayne Hartman, H&P Mobile Geochemistry; Kira Lynch, USEPA; Mike Truex, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories

Triad was used in the design and execution of two indoor air studies for residences on active military installations. This presentation will demonstrate systematic planning, methods used to conduct the indoor air studies, results interpretation, field and fixed lab correlations, and resulting follow-on actions. These indoor air investigations were conducted consecutively at Fort Lewis, WA and at Fairchild AFB, WA in 2007.

Previous assessments of the potential vapor intrusion pathways at the installations had led to Army and AF each concluding that contaminants in groundwater do not pose an unacceptable vapor intrusion risk or hazard to residents at their respective installations. The subject indoor air studies were conducted as additional lines of evidence to confirm previous conclusions and address regulatory concerns. Both subject sites are active military installations with occupied residences overlying solvent plumes. Systematic project planning used existing conceptual site models to identify project uncertainties and potential actions based on study outcomes. The project objectives were defined as phases: Phase 1 to determine if contaminants of concern are present in indoor air, and if needed, Phase 2 to determine if the source of contamination is the underlying groundwater plume. Samples from unoccupied homes and upwind ambient air locations were collected and analyzed in two ways:  onsite analysis of grab samples collected in Tedlar bags and offsite fixed laboratory analysis for 24-hrs summa canister samples. Both project results indicated low level concentrations of groundwater contaminants present in housing units. Investigation results for each installation were examined for distribution patterns and potential impacts. Follow-on actions have been installation-specific.

Triad: Why Isn’t it Used More?

Stuart J. Nagourney, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Quality Assurance, Trenton, New Jersey

With improved measurement certainty, and documented reductions in project time and cost, Triad should be the de-facto strategy for many if not most remedial projects throughout the United States. The reality is that most State and Federal agencies either do not utilize Triad at all, or employ it only sporadically.

With several years of support by State remediation program management, and involvement in Federal national implementation efforts, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection has been at the forefront in promoting the use of Triad.  This paper, based upon a recent publication “Triad Implementation Guide” by the Sampling, Characterization and Monitoring Team of the Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council, will discuss a variety of reasons why Triad is not used more and more widely, and offer suggestions to make it more broadly applicable. 

Programmatic Implementation of the Triad Approach within a State Reimbursement Program

Nicholas Nigro, Environmental Chemistry Consulting Services, Inc., Madison, WI

One of the best kept secrets of Triad success stories is the ongoing Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP) program to remediate local agricultural supply dealerships. The reimbursement program is operated through a collection of fees on each unit of agricultural chemical sold.  Over 250 dealership sites have been investigated and remedied in Wisconsin by using accelerated, flexible, common sense and cost-effective Triad techniques. Since the dealership sites are very similar in nature, DATCP has developed a general use, unwritten conceptual site model (CSM) that is initially applied to every site. Consultants prepare dynamic work plans on the basis of the CSM and any site specific characteristics that provide flexibility to investigate the site in a single mobilization using direct-push sampling technologies and a mobile laboratory. Years of experience have solidified initial presumptive evidence that indicated sites could be effectively investigated and remedied with a short list of chemicals that now includes ammonia, nitrate and 17 common pesticides (primarily herbicides). During a typical site investigation, the consulting, direct-push, and mobile laboratory team work together to collect and analyze soil and groundwater samples generating real time data with a goal of defining extent of contamination in a single mobilization. Site investigations typically require 2-3 days and 75-200 samples to adequately define extent. The mobile laboratory uses innovative self-contained extraction and gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection techniques for pesticide analyses, and ion selective electrode techniques for ammonia and nitrate. The preferred remedy is land spreading of contaminated soil during which a mobile laboratory is also typically used. As a result, it is common for a site to be investigated, remedied and closed in less than a year if no or minimal groundwater contamination is discovered.

Integration of Triad into Site Management Planning

Thomas Palaia, CH2M HILL, Kittredge, CO
 
This presentation prescribes a data management and decision support system as a critical success factor to sustain the long-term viability of Triad via incorporation of Triad data into the overall site management decision making process. This can be accomplished by effective integration of multiple data-use-specific software components which enable efficient data compilation and decision making. As it relates to Triad, site management planning typically involves the following core tasks:

• Analysis of the site conceptual model (SCM) certainty
• Identification of metrics for cessation of Triad data collection
• Assessment of data adequacy to support evaluation of multiple potential site management approaches
• Identification of the optimum site management strategy

Within the context of this presentation, the term “site management” is intended to be generic because it signifies that these tasks are applicable to many diverse Triad projects. Site management is inclusive of many remediation-related actions ranging from selection of a proper excavation volume, to selection of a technology for partial mass removal at a site containing dense non-aqueous phase liquid.

To enable efficient selection of a site management strategy within the short duration of a Triad project, a core set of decision support tools are needed to assist project team members. The toolset described in this presentation includes:

• A geospatial database to compile and visualize collaborative data sets,
• A three-dimensional visualization and animation system to illustrate contaminant fate and transport, and
• A multi-criteria decision support tool to assist with, among many tasks, analysis of SCM certainty and selection of a site management strategy.

The purpose of this presentation is to demonstrate that integration of this toolset can fulfill the data management needs of a Triad project as well as serve a long-term use as a full life-cycle environmental remediation database and decision support system.

High Resolution Groundwater Characterization Methods and the Triad Approach

Seth Pitkin, Stone Environmental, Inc., Montpelier, VT

Inherent in the Triad Approach is the principle of reducing sampling uncertainty as a key element in reducing the uncertainty associated with the making key site management decisions. Sampling uncertainty is the largest source of uncertainty in a groundwater investigation and is a direct result of geological heterogeneity and the attendant spatial variability of key variables in the subsurface.

Successful remedies are dependent on understanding the spatial structure of the contaminant mass and the hydrogeologic factors that control fate and transport. These include factors such as hydraulic conductivity, capillary pressure, hydraulic gradients, organic carbon, as well as geochemical conditions which control degradation, both biotic and abiotic. While all of these factors vary over short distances in three dimensions, most groundwater investigations are not designed to assess the degree of variability that is commonly present.

Conceptual Site Models (CSMs) must be developed with clear and specific hypotheses which are then explicitly tested in the field using methods that assess the problem at the appropriate scale (typically a scale of centimeters). In addition, a systematic approach in which explorations are conducted in transects oriented at right angles to the direction of groundwater flow is essential to developing an accurate understanding of site contamination, which is required for sound decision-making.

A variety of tools and techniques are available to the investigator for use in a dynamic work strategy framework, including the Waterloo Profiler, Membrane Interface Probe (MIP), cone penetrometer (CPT)-based sensors, detailed soil coring and subsampling, FLUTeTM NAPL ribbon samplers and others. Using these tools in combination provides a cost effective means of developing a robust data set for hypothesis testing, CSM updating and ultimately, site management decision-making.

Integration of Flux-Based Methods and Triad Principles for DNAPL Site Management, Part I: Remediation Design and Assessment

P. Suresh C. Rao (Presenter), Nandita Basu, Purdue University; Ronald Falta, Clemson University; A. Lynn Wood, Michael Brooks, RS Kerr Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency; Michael Annable, Kirk Hatfield, University of Florida

Flux-based approaches have recently been investigated for use in DNAPL site characterization and remediation.  Mass flux (mass per unit area per unit time) and mass discharge (mass per unit time) along one or more control planes (or well transects) are key measurements to this approach. Mass discharge measured immediately down gradient of the DNAPL source zone provides an integrated measure of the source strength.  The use of these measurements can be viewed as an extension of the Triad principles because they serve as collaborative data sets that improve DNAPL site conceptual models, and serve as the basis for a remedial design decision-support framework and a means to monitor remediation performance.  Specifically, a mass flux-based approach provides a more robust means to prioritize efforts to remediate contaminated sites, assess a priori the benefits of source zone remediation activity, and optimize remediation efforts based on the spatial distribution of mass flux across the control plane.  The effective use of mass flux data in the formulation of remedial strategies, assessment of remedial performance, and allocation of limited resources will be discussed using field data from diverse DNAPL sites (located in the US and Australia). Specific topics will include the linkage between source zones and plumes, mass flux/discharge as a characterization and assessment tool, and modeling tools and their application for remedy selection.

Three-dimensional Depiction of Coal Tar in Soils and Sediments within the Overburden Stratigraphic Framework Using TarGOST®

Scott Saroff, CH2M HILL, Manlius, NY

Tar-specific Green Optical Screening Tool (TarGOST®) laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) survey data and Mining Visualization System (MVS®) software were used to delineate and illustrate in 3-dimensions (3D), coal tar in upland soils and adjacent river sediments at a former roofing material manufacturing and petroleum bulk storage Site in New Jersey. TarGOST® instrument LIF technology utilizes light-energy in the form of a green PSX-100 Excimer Laser® to energize and excite coal tar and creosote range hydrocarbons to fluoresce a characteristic wavelength of light which is detected by the probe tip optical assembly. Upland, 93 TarGOST® LIF profiles were conducted to soil depths of approximately 37 feet to the confining layer using a Geoprobe® 6010 direct push rig. For the river sediment, 49 TarGOST® profiles were conducted to depths of 50 feet. The TarGOST® results facilitated revision and refinement of the site conceptual site model which is being used to better characterize risks and to evaluate remedial alternatives that include source management and risk reduction, thereby saving considerable costs for site remediation. 

The vertical distribution of coal tar using TarGOST™ data from each boring was interpolated using a 3D kriging model. Using lithology descriptions from more than 280 soil borings, the surfaces of key geologic units were created in the model using kriging. The 3D coal tar interpolation and geologic surfaces were combined with a base plan depicting surface features at the site to create a 3D geologic model illustrating the lateral and vertical extent of coal tar in the subsurface. Results indicate that the coal tar is not present as a single contiguous mass, but instead occurs in distinct isolated areas lying above and on top of the upland silty clay confining unit, and as thin isolated layers in sediment in a smaller extent than had been previously interpreted.

Application of the Triad Approach to the Investigation of a Remote Facility: Driftwood Bay Radio Relay Station, Unalaska Island, Alaska

Stephen Witzmann, Jacobs Engineering, and Scott Tarbox, U.S. Air Force (presenters), Heather Ptak, Jacobs Engineering, Anchorage, AK

In 2007, the Triad approach was used by the 611th Civil Engineer Squadron for environmental investigation of 13 sites at the former Driftwood Bay Radio Relay Station, located on Unalaska Island, Alaska. This remote location in the Aleutian Islands is accessible only by air or boat and required mobilization of all equipment, materials, and facilities necessary for project implementation. The goal of the project was to define the nature and extent of contamination in a single mobilization by using systematic project planning, dynamic work strategies, and real-time measurement technologies.        

A three day systematic planning meeting, attended by all stakeholders, was held to launch the project. Through a process of progressive elaboration, stakeholder requirements were outlined and incorporated into a dynamic work plan for field execution, limiting comments on the planning documents and streamlining the process.

Using decision points mutually agreed upon by stakeholders, the dynamic work plan utilized flow diagrams with pre-approved approaches to guide field decisions as data became available, minimizing schedule delays. Additionally, key stakeholders visited the site and reviewed data and field decisions ensuring that objectives were met prior to demobilization.

Data was collected using real-time measurement technologies including photo-ionization detector, PetroFlag, NITON, EM-61 electromagnetic sensing, ground penetrating radar, and surveying using RTK-GPS. The data collected was synthesized in an on-line database and converted into information utilized by the project team for decision making and viewable by stakeholders not on site.

The on-line Geographic Information System database was instrumental in guiding field work and will likely minimize costs required for final reporting. Implementing the Triad approach provided rapid resolution of deviations in field conditions and flexibility to address additional contamination discovered. By utilizing this approach, project goals were met, all 13 sites were fully characterized, and the project demobilized ahead of schedule.

Minimizing Uncertainty in Triad Investigations Using Heuristic Sequential Sampling

John M. Shafer (Presenter), Jacqueline C. Burton, John L. Walker - Sundance Environmental and Energy Specialists, Ltd., Santa Fe, NM; George M.L. Robinson and Erich Rauber - R Squared, Inc.

Triad characterization of sites invariably relies on the evaluation of data derived from discrete sample points. These points may include boreholes, CPT pushes, wells, etc. The underlying theme is that our effort to understand subsurface phenomena often is based on spatially discrete estimates of subsurface properties. Presumably, the greater the number of discrete sample points, the more reliable are our interpretations of subsurface phenomenon. In theory this hypothesis may be true, but the practical realities of time and cost undermine this tenet in the real world of Triad investigations. Heuristic approaches to site characterization that take into account spatial relationships in real time can result in time and monetary savings while producing superior results to traditional sampling schemes.

C Tech Development Corporation’s Drill Guide© methodology for optimal selection of sampling sites was used for sequential characterization of the geology and chemistry of a site.  An initial set of borehole data was collected at discrete locations within the study area for geologic characterization. Using the maximum uncertainty calculated via Drill Guide© from the initial samples, a second set of sample locations was selected in real time that maximized the information gained. This process was repeated until a pre-established confidence level in the prediction of the geology was achieved. Following this same methodology, soil and groundwater sampling locations were selected using Drill Guide© with the goal of meeting pre-determined confidence levels in the resulting chemistry predictions with a minimum number of sample points.

Heuristic sequential sampling is an efficient method for selecting discrete sampling points that reduces the overall time and cost of site characterization over random or intuition-based sampling. It is also a way to reproduce and verify the sample location selection process in real time. Finally, the heuristic approach has an end point based on achievable targets for uncertainty reduction.

Triad Isn’t Just For Characterization Anymore: A Case Study on the Use of Triad Elements during Remedy Implementation

Travis Shaw, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

The use of the Triad approach to manage uncertainty and improve decision making at hazardous waste sites during site characterization is gaining recognition throughout the environmental community. It is less widely understood that continued use of Triad elements over the lifecycle of a project will contribute to successful remedy implementation. This case study will examine how systematic planning, dynamic work strategies and near real-time data collection enable U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Region 10 and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to complete a sediment capping project ahead of schedule and $2 million under budget. Part of the remedial action cost savings was also attributable to the development of social capital among project stakeholders which allowed the project to move forward more efficiently.

The designed remedy for the near shore sediments at the Pacific Sound Resources (PSR) Superfund Site consisted of a multi-layered cap to provide a chemical isolation layer, erosion protection and a more natural shoreline with increased intertidal habitat. Construction of the design required intense monitoring using a variety of tools and near real-time data visualizations. Data was placed onto a web site to allow a variety of project stakeholders to monitor progress and respond when field conditions required changes to the design. The ability of the entire team to work dynamically allowed for quick resolution of technical issues and reduced the need for costly modifications that occur in more traditional approaches to remedial construction.

The trust developed by the project stakeholders by working collaboratively paid dividends in social capital. During construction, the project team identified a source of dredged material suitable for beneficial uses. The prime construction contractor, the engineering design firm, USACE, and USEPA worked together to address engineering, contracting and funding issues to allow the substitution of amended upland material with dredge material. The result was an acceleration of cap construction using dredge material at a substantial cost savings to the government. This unique partnership allowed significantly more work to be completed in the initial year of remediation and at a lower cost than anticipated while exceeding the original design objectives for the sediment cap.

Combining In situ Remedial Technologies with a Dynamic Work Strategy at High Risk Sites for Beale AFB

Brad Shearer (Presenter), Doug Downey, Bob Tossell, Gerald Vogt - CH2M HILL, Redding, CA; Mike O’Brien -Beale Air Force Base, Marysville, California; Howard Mathews, AFCEE

At Beale AFB, three high risk sites were fast tracked from Feasibility Study to Remedial Action in one year (Sites 17, 31, and 32). The Triad approach was used at each of these sites to expedite the process and reduce life-cycle costs. Systematic planning included performance-based contracting, Tier I partnering, and consensus agreements. Dynamic work strategies involved explicit site conceptual models, detailed rationale for decision-making and real-time data review. Real-time measurements such as quick turn-around lab data, membrane interface field probes, downhole data loggers, etc., were incorporated into a decision analysis framework.  This paper focuses on Sites 31 and 32 as they made the most use of the Triad approach.

Site 31 was a former base laundry. The plume, estimated to be 750 kg, is expanding rapidly (doubled in size in 2 years). An enhanced in-situ bioremediation (EISB) system was constructed to treat groundwater with a TCE concentration greater than 1,000 µg/L. The treatment area was characterized during installation of injection wells and extraction wells for the EISB system. The EISB treatment area is approximately 6.5 acres. The EISB treatment system uses active recirculation to distribute sodium lactate. The system is anticipated to operate for 3 years.

Site 32 is the base flightline area. There were three target source areas identified in a feasibility study completed in 2005. Additional characterization revealed that two of the three source areas were smaller and contained less mass of TCE than previously estimated. The third source area was 100 percent larger than previously estimated. This characterization used real-time measurements and quick turn-around lab data to expedite the remedial action. In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) was selected and completed within 3 months of first breaking ground at the site.

Characterizing a Complex TCE Groundwater Plume, Eliminating Suspected Source Areas, and Reducing Investigation Costs for a RCRA RFI at Shaw AFB, SC

Jonathan Shireman (Presenter), Shaw Environmental & Infrastructure, Inc.; Randal L. Rogers, Jr., Gas Environmental Services; and Jody Edwards, Stone Environmental, Inc.

The Triad Approach was successfully used to complete a RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI) in a complex geologic setting with highly sensitive land use. Low concentrations of TCE were discovered in a deep drinking water aquifer beneath the active airfield during investigation of a fuel leak in the water table aquifer at Shaw AFB. An RFI was initiated to identify sources and to define the extent of contamination in the lower drinking water aquifer. The Triad Approach ensured a timely and efficient investigation, providing a flexible and robust plume delineation, and identification and characterization of sources.

Systematic planning meetings included South Carolina DHEC, USAF Air Combat Command, USACE Omaha District, Shaw E&I, and Stone Environmental. An open, cooperative effort yielded consensus on the use of Triad, Triad Team members, and industrial reuse criteria. The Triad Team developed an initial conceptual site model (CSM), project and data quality objectives (DQOs), and dynamic decision logic. Real-time measurement technologies and data visualization tools were used during the fieldwork to rapidly obtain and communicate data to the Triad Team, and reach consensus on critical decision points using established decision logic. The Triad Team interacted effectively with Shaw AFB Airfield Managers to mitigate safety concerns while working on the active flight line.

The dynamic work strategy performed vertical groundwater profiling to establish distributions of relative hydraulic conductivity (Ik) and contaminant concentrations. Onsite analysis of VOCs provided defensible quality data for near real-time decisions on subsequent sampling locations. Suspected source area soils were sampled for confirmation. The plume was adaptively tracked to its actual source and delineated to its downgradient extent. Daily electronic data deliverables (EDDs) and profiling hydrostratigraphic data were uploaded into ArcView IMS and posted on a project web-portal; providing timely 3-dimensional interactive viewing of the developing TCE plume to all stakeholders. Frequent Triad Team teleconferences addressed findings, next steps and site conclusions

In a three-phase, single mobilization field effort over a 9-month period, the team successfully identified the actual source area, delineated the vertical and lateral extent of the TCE plume in two separate aquifers, and revealed that six suspected source areas were benign. Based on this delineation, eight shallow and 24 deep monitoring wells were then installed.

Field analytical quality, team cooperation and well-managed uncertainty resulted in an estimated savings of up to $1.5M in investigations cost. This savings was largely realized by a dynamic work strategy and sampling methods that allowed rapid plume delineation, and an agreed upon decision logic and DQOs for determining when delineation was complete and for siting the monitoring well network, eliminating the need for subsequent investigation phases.  

Real Time CSM Visualization and Feedback

Ned Tillman, John Sohl (Presenter), Columbia Technologies, Baltimore, MD

A great advantage of following Triad principles and using real time field measurements is that site assessments and remedial monitoring can be more flexible, collecting only data that focuses on better characterization, monitoring and risk assessment needs. The biggest challenge on projects where a lot of onsite data are collected, are the real time processing and utilization of the data in directing the field activities.

SmartData Solutions© is an integrated data management platform that allows all types of field measurements to be processed immediately so that the entire technical team can participate in data review and the optimization of field decisions without them all having to be on site. Data from mobile and fixed laboratories as well as direct sensing measurements (MIP, UVOST, CPT and stationary sensors) are integrated into high resolution 3D images that can be updated and disseminated every hour. The result of this process is a continuously evolving Conceptual Site Model that is posted to a secure webpage that all the parties can access and discuss.  It also allows for the input and output to the CSM to be ground-truthed and refined in real-time by guiding field sampling activities. This process results in a better supported and better tested site characterization and remedial optimization effort and provides a more reliable data set for risk assessment.

The adoption and utilization of this data management platform on numerous Triad projects and over 500 sites in total has changed the planning, management, and reporting approach to one that is much more efficient and effective at reaching more appropriate solutions in a timely and cost effective manner. It allows participants to more easily implement Triad principles on a wide variety of sites.

Using Triad Approach to Manage Uncertain Decisions for a Chlorinated Ethene Contaminated Site in Taiwan

Cho Wan Chi, Guan-Cheng Environ Tech. Protection  Co., Ltd., Taiwan

A chlorinated ethene contaminated site located in southern Taiwan was found in 2001. Since then, about $200,000 has been spent on site investigation and characterization. However, the subsurface environmental and site characterization have not yet been clearly delineated. In 2006, the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (US EPA’s) Triad approach was applied at this study site, and provided a more systematic framework and streamlined process for optimizing the volatile organic compound (VOC) source investigation within six months at the cost of US$100,000. All three elements of Triad, systematic planning, dynamic work strategy, and use of real time measurement tools, were implemented to manage decision uncertainty, accelerate site characterization, and expedite risk-based management process. The investigation was mainly conducted by using a membrane interface probe incorporated with electron capture detector which allowed for real time collection of over 500 m of continuous stratification information, electrical conductivity and chlorinated VOC sensitive response data. These data were used to carry out laboratory examination, cross verification, and comparison with laboratory analytical results. The groundwater was sampled from direct-push wells to support the conclusion of a contaminated and limited source area. Implementation of the Triad approach for this investigation provided an expedited high-density data set and a robust conceptual site model in real time that resulted in cost savings estimated at US$200,000 and reduction of the site characterization and cleanup schedule by approximately 3 years. This project demonstrates how US EPA’s Triad approach can be cost-effectively applied to streamline the site characterization process while appropriately managing decision uncertainty in support of defensible and risk-based site decisions.

The Use of Future First Planning, Triad, and Performance-based Contracting to Accelerate Site Closure at Seymour Johnson AFB

Martin Wangensteen (Presenter), Megan Kari, Bay West, Inc., St. Paul, MN

Environmental restoration sites have been historically avoided at military installations thereby restricting development options at the potential expense of the installation’s mission.  This session describes the USAF Air Combat Command’s (ACC) and USACE-Omaha District’s successful integration of the Future First Planning (F2P) concept, the Triad approach, and performance-based contracting to accelerate cleanup and un-encumber mission-critical real estate at Seymour Johnson AFB.  

Petroleum odors were noticed at the Radar Tower Site (OT-29) during construction activities in 1989. Subsequent investigations identified halogenated and non-halogenated volatile organic compounds and lighter-than-water, non-aqueous-phase liquid (LNAPL) in soil and ground water. OT-29 interim actions were effective in protecting nearby receptors but only marginally successful in source removal and driving the site to closure. To accelerate the site closure process, ACC/USACE developed an exit strategy involving: 1) the Triad approach to dynamically accelerate site characterization; and, 2) a performance-based remedial action contract to empower the remediation contractor to implement innovative site closure solutions.

In two field characterization efforts, the Triad approach was used to delineate soil and ground water impacts with 55 direct push points and over 670 soil and ground water samples for analyses. This approach saved $60,000 and six months time relative to standard investigation techniques and generated data for use by the performance-based contractor’s remediation team to design the streamlined cleanup approach. 

The performance-based site closure strategy involves: 1) development of remedial goals that match future land use; 2) aggressive removal of LNAPL using surfactants and mobile multiphase extraction; 3) excavation and on-site treatment/beneficial reuse of contaminated source-area soils; and 4) aggressive treatment of residual ground water impacts via in situ chemical oxidation with subsequent monitored natural attenuation. The use of these techniques is projected to result in life cycle cleanup cost savings of $1.8M and 20 years over the previous remediation strategy.

Implementing the Triad Approach Utilizing Membrane Interface Probe to Streamline Characterization 

Maria Watt (presenter), Camp Dresser & McKee; J. Beattie

The Triad approach utilizes the dynamic sampling approach of “real-time” field measurements to determine a range of contaminant concentrations, the degree of heterogeneity, and spatial correlation for contaminant distributions. However, real-time screening does not replace off-site laboratory analysis, which has a high degree of certainty. The combination of real-time field measurements and laboratory analysis are used to support risk characterization, risk-based cleanup negotiation, remedy selection and protective site reuse strategies. One benefit of the Triad approach is to expeditiously reduce uncertainty in site characterization thereby avoiding ineffective remedial solutions.

The Membrane Interface Probe (MIP) utilizes the following three probes to screen for site contamination:
1. Electron Capture Device (ECD) detects chlorinated compounds
2. Photo-Ionization Detector (PID) detects aromatic hydrocarbons
3. Flame Ionization Detector (FID) detects straight chained hydrocarbons

However, chemical speciation and actual concentrations are not achieved by any of these three detectors.  Selected supplemental confirmatory sampling is necessary at critical locations to determine the nature and extent of contamination with a high degree of certainty. Results from the MIP can be evaluated daily to optimize and reduce the collection of laboratory analyzed samples required to identify the spatial contaminant distribution. Therefore, utilizing MIP in a dynamic sampling strategy, a critical element of Triad approach, combined with the proper placement of confirmatory samples can significantly reduce the overall project cost and expedite site remediation.

Three case studies will be presented detailing the implementation of the Triad approach using the MIP to characterize a chlorinated solvent plume. The sites, located in Queens and Westbury, NY, include a former recycling facility, a high school, and a former industrial dry cleaning facility. At each site, a MIP investigation was used in conjunction with targeted soil and groundwater sampling to define plume geometry and identify source areas.

Use of SADA to Expedite a Collaborative Soil Removal Action

Jim Wulff, Tetra Tech EM Inc., Denver, CO

Spatial Analysis and Decision Assistance (SADA) software played a key role in expediting the contaminated soil removal action at the Barker Chemical Company site in Inglis, Florida. More than 100 residential parcels occupy a site where phosphate ore was processed into fertilizer, creating waste material elevated in lead and arsenic. SADA managed data on contaminant concentrations estimated from discrete and composite samples and analyzed with an X-ray fluorescence detector in the field and measured in samples sent to a laboratory. SADA provided a platform to integrate the four data streams resulting from the sampling effort into a collaborative data set to make remedial decisions. SADA visualizations satisfied the overlapping - yet distinct - remedial goals and criteria of two regulatory agencies (the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection [FDEP]), each having a different soil removal criterion for arsenic. Thus, SADA was an instrumental part of the collaborative process that guided the removal action.

SADA visualizations identified parcels where soil removal was required, based on composite samples that exceeded the EPA’s removal criterion of 40 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg). Next, contaminant concentrations were interpolated in SADA’s Area of Concern (AOC) module to delineate areas where arsenic and lead concentrations exceeded the FDEP criterion of 8 mg/kg.  The AOCs were exported from SADA, converted to ArcView shapefiles and loaded to a handheld device to guide excavation in real time. As a result, contaminated soil was excavated to the FDEP criterion in the parcels selected for removal actions, a selection that was based on the EPA criterion. AOC maps were also created for parcels where the contaminant concentration in soil was estimated to exceed FDEP - but not EPA - criteria, so that FDEP could pursue further remediation under a state program. 

Collaborative Data Sets Increase Success in Remedy Implementation

Kim-Lee Yarberry, CH2M HILL, Atlanta, GA; Hector Hernandez, CH2M HILL; Christopher Hood (Presenter), CH2M HILL, Navarre, FL; John Steele - Air Force Special Operations Command

Collaborative data sets collected using different analytical methods during a Triad investigation at Hurlburt Field, Florida increased the level of certainty in the conceptual site model (CSM), thus increasing the certainty in the remedial design. The site is contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and potentially chlorinated solvents in the surficial Sand-and-Gravel aquifer. Investigative methods were selected during the systematic planning phase to define the location, magnitude, and extent of multiple source releases and dissolved plume extent. Selected methods included flame ionization detector (FID) readings of vadose zone soil samples, membrane interface probe (MIP) logs of the vadose and saturated zones, field test kit measurements of direct push technology groundwater samples, and laboratory-analyzed soil and groundwater results. A correlation between the data sets indicated the data quality met investigation requirements.

The refined CSM was used to select and design an aggressive remedial alternative for contaminated soil and groundwater thus minimizing the time required for site closure. Due to the level of certainty in the CSM, the remedial design was able to target specific horizontal and vertical treatment zones, reducing potential capital construction and operational costs and impacts on mission operations. Soil excavation, defined by the soil FID and laboratory results, removed gross contamination above the water table. An aquifer air sparge/soil vapor extraction system was constructed to address residual source contamination delineated by the MIP logs. A biosparging wall was designed and installed to intercept groundwater contaminants, defined by Triad groundwater results, which were migrating towards a surface water receptor.

Available performance monitoring data suggest that the remedial technologies have decreased source area concentrations by over 80 percent and that the dissolved groundwater plume may be shrinking. This provides evidence that a well-defined CSM, developed from considerable planning and a dynamic investigation, improves the probability for a successful and lowest-cost remedy implementation.