Platform Presentation Abstracts

Greening Brownfields – A Project Life Cycle Approach to Cleanup and Redevelopment
John Albrecht, Michael Doherty, and Deanna Weber, AECOM Environment

There are a number of federal, state, municipal, and industry initiatives under way to incorporate sustainable metrics and green design features into site cleanup and redevelopment. This paper presents several success stories related to the cleanup and redevelopment of brownfield sites, and the concept of the “whole system approach” embodied in the Sustainable Systems Integration Model (SSIM) used to evaluate cost versus yield for sustainability measures in the redevelopment planning process.
Sustainable features of these projects include:
• Manage residuals on-site;
• Reduce emissions from excavations;
• Reduce off-site transportation;
• Reuse materials to the maximum extent possible;
• Employ smart technologies and risk management approaches that attain risk management goals but are less energy intensive;
• Manage water on-site or beneficially reuse treated water;
• Create economic benefit
• Employ native plantings during redevelopment; and
• Integrate remediation and site development features and incorporate LEED principles.
The following case studies will be presented:
• The Former Cos Cob Power Plant remediation and redevelopment in Greenwich, Connecticut incorporated the beneficial reuse of low cost off-site fill sources, generated from nearby construction projects. Approximately 30,000 cubic yards of earthen cap materials were provided to the project.
• The Kendall Square Redevelopment in Cambridge, Massachusetts integrated on-site soil treatment and vapor intrusion management into the redevelopment plans resulting in significant reductions in off-site transportation and protection of future site users. The redevelopment included the construction of LEED certified building.
• The Brightfields project in Brockton, Massachusetts included the construction of a solar array that generated electricity for the remediation system.
A park development in Exeter, New Hampshire included the on-site management of impacted soil and the creation of a park.
• A Casper, Wyoming project included wetlands and reuse of impacted groundwater. It also incorporated demolition materials into the site redevelopment.

John Albrecht is an Associate Vice President and the US Northeast Region Remediation Consulting Engineering Practice Leader for the international consultancy, AECOM. He is a Licensed Environmental Professional in the State of Connecticut and has been an environmental consultant for over 18 years. His primary focus is Brownfield assessment, remediation and redevelopment; and he has worked on over 40 brownfield projects.

Sustainable Green Remediation by Solar Energy Conversion into Electrochemical Redox in Groundwater
Akram Alshawabkeh, Northeastern University

The U.S. EPA supports the adoption of green remediation, which considers all environmental effects and incorporates strategies to maximize the net environmental benefit. Our long-term goal is to develop green remediation strategies based on conversion of solar energy into electrolytic redox in groundwater. The concept is based on the use of solar panels at contaminated sites to generate low level electric currents that are passed through electrodes in wells causing electrolytic oxidation at the anode and/or reduction at the cathode. Electrolytic manipulation of groundwater redox can be used for transformation of contaminants by oxidation and/or reduction, depending on electrode polarity and material type. The process can be implemented as a single or double electrode system and using inert or sacrificial electrodes. Results show that the process can treat several types of contaminants, including PAHs by electrochemical oxidation, chlorinated solvents by electrochemical reduction and RDX by alkaline hydrolysis. The mechanisms of transformation are either by direct electrolytic redox at the electrodes or by indirect transformation through development of oxidizing or reducing groundwater conditions. The process is sustainable because solar panels provide continuous source for electric currents, and green because it does not require injection of chemical solutions and will not produce adverse effects on groundwater. An overview of the process together with results and potential advantages and limitations will be presented and discussed.

Professor Alshawabkeh is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Northeastern University. His areas of expertise include soil behavior/geochemistry, soil remediation, electrokinetic/electrolytic processes and modeling.

Phytoexcluders - a Way to Use Contaminated Soils
Constantin- Horia Barbu, Lucian Blaga University Agricultural Sciences and Environmental Protection

Heavy metals in soils pose a great environmental and health problem to people consuming plants cultivated on these soils. Until now no feasible (cheap and quick) remediation method for large areas has been used, and farming on these lands could be regarded as dangerous. On the other hand, land belonging to farmers in polluted areas are cultivated anyway because they are the sole income source for many inhabitants, such as in the Copsa Mica region - Romania, where more than 100 km2 are contaminated.
A possibility to use these lands is cultivation of technical or energy plants, and our choice was cultivating a new plant for Romania but almost classical in Western and Central Europe, Miscanthus sinensis x giganteus, which has modest agro-technical requirements (almost the same as corn). As far as we know, it is the first time this plant is cultivated on such soils heavily polluted with Cd (13.47 mg . kg-1 dry weight) and Pb (682.50 mg . kg-1 d.w.)
The results after two years of planting are very impressive: very low amounts of Cd and Pb in the aerial parts (2.12 and 3.71 mg . kg-1 d.w., respectively), no sulfur, low ash content (1.7%) and good heating values (HHV: 17,673 kJ . kg-1, LHV: 16,038 kJ . kg-1), comparable to those of lignite, and making it a good substitute for coal. All these special characteristics, corroborated with high estimated yields (20 tons/ha/year) and low exploitation costs, make Miscanthus sinensis x giganteus a very valuable plant to be cultivated on soils polluted with heavy metals, for the benefit of both farmers and the environment.

Constantin- Horia Barbu has been with the Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu since 1993. He’s been a full professor of environmental chemistry since 2008.
He obtained his Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1999.
His research interests are mainly heavy metals in soils (methods for decontamination,
methods for sustainable cultivation of these soils).

Farming Sunshine at a Superfund Site: Planning for Reuse
Andria Benner, U.S EPA, Region 9, Pamela Beilke, Apache Nitrogen Products, Inc.

With over 300 days of sunshine and 1,100 acres of land, the Apache Powder Superfund Site in southeastern Arizona may be in a unique position to advance America’s energy future. In 2008, U.S. EPA began evaluating the feasibility of locating a solar farm on the property. Since 1922, the Apache Nitrogen Products Inc. (ANPI) has manufactured industrial chemicals and explosives. In 1990, EPA placed the site on Superfund’s National Priorities List because of soil and ground water contamination. After several cleanup actions, the major remedy was recently completed and ANPI will continue to clean up and monitor ground water. In order to promote reuse as part of EPA’s RePower America program, EPA collaborated with ANPI and the local utility to evaluate whether the site could support energy generation from solar thermal or photovoltaic (PV) facilities. This presentation highlights the methods and results of EPA’s evaluation – comprising a site suitability analysis and an energy market assessment – to determine if energy generated at the site could be used by ANPI for its own operations as well as provide excess energy to the grid. The suitability analysis determined the prospective size of a solar installation (based on land area, remedy components, and other physical characteristics) that would not impact the remedy. The market assessment estimated the capital and O&M costs as well as the market demand for renewable energy on the site and by the local utility. The reuse analysis found that solar energy development was compatible with the site and the remedy. Based on the results of this analysis combined with additional input from solar developers, ANPI is moving forward with a 5 MW solar farm and other solar applications at the facility. This development is consistent with ANPI's overall commitment to sustainability. The presentation concludes with a discussion of these future plans and the elements of EPA's energy analysis that ANPI found most useful, including universal lessons for evaluating renewable energy solar potential at other Superfund and Brownfield sites.

Andria Benner is an Environmental Scientist with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 9, in San Francisco. She has over 30 years of experience with EPA working both in EPA’s Headquarters office in Washington D.C., as well as the Regional office. Her primary responsibility has been as a Remedial Project Manager overseeing the cleanup of Superfund sites in Arizona and California. In 1989-93, she worked for the State of Hawaii Department of Health drafting the State’s Superfund law, and worked for the Hawaii Department of Agriculture on developing a program to protect endangered species from exposure to pesticides. She has a Masters of Science from the University of San Francisco in environmental management, and in 2008 completed a second M.S. degree in sustainability from the School of Engineering at the Blekinge Institute of Technology in Karlskrona, Sweden. Most recently, she has been working on EPA’s RePower America program to encourage land owners of contaminated or damaged sites to consider renewable energy for future use of their property.

Pamela Beilke is the Director of Compliance & Quality for Apache Nitrogen Products, Inc. where she manages environmental, safety and security programs and quality assurance. As Corporate Secretary she leads the company’s Corporate Social Responsibility Program including sustainability efforts. Pamela has worked as an environmental professional in Arizona for more than 30 years as a regulator, a consultant and in industry. She is also involved in various community organizations including the Southern Arizona Environmental Management Society, Arizona Businesses Advancing Sustainability and the Tucson Children’s Earth Day Festival & Parade.

Passive (Wind-Driven) Systems for Sub-slab Venting to Mitigate Potential Vapor Intrusion
David Bertrand, Todd McAlary, Jackie Lanzon (Presenter), Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.

Mitigation systems for protection against subsurface vapor intrusion to indoor air (VI) often require long-term operation and maintenance. A passive venting system may be an attractive option, because it may significantly reduce operation and maintenance costs. Passive venting does not remove vapors or affect pressure gradients as aggressively as active venting with powered fans; however, there may still be a large number of circumstances where passive venting would be applicable. Regulatory guidance for vapor intrusion assessment often allows or encourages pre-emptive mitigation even in circumstances where current indoor air quality data is acceptable but subsurface concentrations exceed conservative soil gas screening levels. Many responsible parties have opted for pre-emptive mitigation as a less expensive alternative than detailed investigations or perpetual monitoring, even where relatively low concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are present in shallow groundwater and soil vapor beneath existing buildings. Passive wind-driven systems for sub-slab venting provide a low cost alternative that provides long-term benefits by venting vapors from below the floor slab directly to the atmosphere.
Wind-driven turbines have long been used for ventilating attics; however, their application for sub-slab venting is an innovation that has not yet been extensively studied. This presentation describes a Case Study of a wind-driven system for sub-slab venting at a large commercial building in New Jersey with over a year of monitoring data. The presentation will include design and installation details and several lines of evidence for assessing the performance of the passive system; including: baseline measurements of sub-slab vapor concentrations, baseline pneumatic performance, continuous monitoring of wind-speed using both on-site and nearby weather station data, calculation of extraction flow rates from the wind-speed and pneumatic relationships, and monitoring of VOC concentrations in the vent pipes and sub-slab probes over time. Regulatory considerations will also be covered.

Jackie Lanzon is an environmental engineer based in New Jersey who is experienced in vapor intrusion investigation and implementation of mitigation technologies. Ms. Lanzon has specific experience in the oversight and implementation of vapor intrusion investigations, installation, operation, maintenance, and monitoring of sub-slab depressurization and passive venting systems at residential and industrial/commercial properties. Ms. Lanzon is a member of Geosyntec’s vapor intrusion practice and is involved in technology development and field testing, as well as staff and practice development.

Sustainable Environmental Remediation: SiteWiseTM Tool
Mohit Bhargava, Russell Sirabian (Presenter), Ramona Darlington, Derek Schlea, and Jody Lipps, Battelle; Karla Harre, Isis Rivadineyra, Tanwir Chaudhry, NAVFAC ESC; Carol Dona US Army Corps of Engineers

SiteWiseTM, a sustainable environmental remediation tool, is designed to calculate the environmental footprint of remedial alternatives generally used by the industry. The tool is a series of excel sheets and currently provides a detailed baseline assessment of several quantifiable sustainability metrics including: greenhouse gases (GHGs); energy usage; criteria air pollutants that include sulfur oxides (SOx), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate matter (PM); Water Usage; and accident risk. The tool is being developed by Battelle, US Navy and US Army Corps jointly. The tool’s approach to conduct sustainability assessments is to use a building block approach. SiteWiseTM first breaks every technology into four modules: well installation; soil/groundwater monitoring; system startup, operations, and maintenance; and decommissioning. Each of these modules has activities undertaken such as transportation, material production, equipment use, and residual management that have impacts on the environment. With this structure, the tool is very flexible and can be used to support an evaluation of the environmental footprint of any technology.
SiteWiseTM calculates the environmental footprint of these activities based on the above mentioned five quantitative metrics. Other sustainability metrics can be evaluated outside the realm of the tool, such as ecological impact, landfill space, and community impacts (e.g. noise), and resource recovery and reuse. These metrics (qualitative and quantitative) are considered together with the cost and risk of remedy for a site to get a holistic picture and better understand the sustainable options available. The output of the SiteWiseTM tool includes both a comparison of the remedial alternatives as well as a detailed breakdown of the environmental footprint for each alternative. This allows the activities with the greatest footprint to be identified and targeted for footprint reduction during the subsequent remedy design phase.
SiteWiseTM tool can be applied at remedy selection, design, or implementation stage. The building block approach of the tool makes it flexible enough to be used at the remedy optimization stage as well. The tool is going to be released in public domain.

Mr. Sirabian, PE, PMP, 25 years of environmental consulting experience and has managed various site remediation and wastewater treatment projects. He has a broad background in remediation and is experienced in the application of in situ and ex situ technologies, methods of applying innovated remedial solutions in real world situations, and optimizing the design and operation of remedial systems. More recently, Mr. Sirabian has been focused in the area of sustainable remediation. He and his colleagues have developed and are refining a tool (referred to as SiteWiseTM) to characterize sustainability metrics and has applied this tool for several remediation projects including those in the remedy evaluation phase and the system operation phase. He has supported the Navy in development of a sustainable remediation program and is now working with the Navy and the Army to further develop the SiteWiseTM tool.

ERP-O Sustainable Remediation Case Study
Gregory Brooks and Thomas Fogg, AECOM, Javier M. Santillan, AFCEE

The Air Force Center for Engineering and Environment (AFCEE) has been a major driver behind the growth in sustainable remediation. AFCEE historically has incorporated green principles to their Environmental Restoration Program Optimization (ERP-O) program with the goals of reducing not only Operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs but also reducing electricity, natural gas and water consumption, while maintaining environmental protection.
A case study involves an AFCEE ERP-O Technical Assessment conducted at a facility where the studied sites consisted of a groundwater extraction system that included twenty five source area extraction wells and two interceptor trenches. The ERP-O Phase 1 technical assessment determined insufficient data was available to assess the extraction system. Phase 2 activities conducted to further evaluate the system included monitoring groundwater extraction rates at the extraction points over a period of three months and collection of three rounds of groundwater samples to determine contaminant concentrations in each well’s effluent.
The data indicated that contaminant mass removal rate from the extraction system was 0.55 lb/day with 89.8 percent of the contaminant mass being extracted from four extraction points and that the treatment system was oversized for current conditions. The analysis showed that simple changes could be made to the existing system that would improve the sustainability of the remediation and also significantly decrease O&M costs. These changes included, but were not limited, to shutting down wells that are not removing any contaminants and, changing to a granular activated carbon treatment system. These changes, if implemented, would result in a cost savings of $100,000 per year. Cost reductions resulted from 60 percent decrease in electricity and natural gas consumption, a reduction in sanitary sewer discharge of 7.9 million gallons annually and decreased labor costs. It is estimated the changes could reduce carbon footprint of the system by 40 to 60 percent.

Greg Brooks has more than 14 years experience as a Hydrogeologist and Project Manager for AECOM, an international consulting engineering firm. Greg was the Project Hydrogeologist for all remediation work conducted at Ellsworth Air Force Base under the TERC I contract during the period 1995 through 2005. Since 1996, he has served as the technical lead on remediation work being conducted at the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base and associated facilities. In addition, Greg works extensively in the Air Force Center for Engineering and Environment’s Remedial Process Optimization (RPO) program efforts. Based on his vast remediation and RPO experience, he was selected as AECOM’s technical lead for development of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources’ Wisconsin Initiative for Sustainable Cleanup (WISC) guidance manual. In this capacity, Greg is responsible for bringing together AECOM’s global experts to develop a state specific guidance manual on how to implement sustainable remediation in the State of Wisconsin.
Greg received his Bachelor of Science degree in Environmental Geology from Lake Superior State University in 1993 and his Masters of Science degree in Geology from the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee in 1995.

Wisconsin Initiative for Sustainable Cleanups Site Specific Sustainability Analysis Case Study
Gregory Brooks, David Woodward, and John Ryan, AECOM Environment; Robert Strous Jr., Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

AECOM was retained by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) Remediation and Redevelopment Division to develop the Wisconsin Initiative for Sustainable Cleanups (WISC) Guidance Document and conduct sustainability evaluations at six state lead sites. The WISC process for evaluating existing sites involves creation of a baseline for various sustainability metrics, from which costs and benefits of potential sustainable remediation options for the site can be measured. Sustainability metrics include, but are not limited to, carbon footprint, energy and water usage, land usage, waste generation and operational costs.
One sustainability analysis was conducted at the Delafield Landfill site, which is an old unlined/uncapped landfill that has an operating leachate landfill gas (LFG) collection systems in place. The sustainability analysis determined that the landfill and remediation system emitted 33,776 tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2 e) per year. A process optimization study determined three viable options to reduce the environmental footprint at the site. The options selected included: 1) rebalancing the LFG collection system, 2) addition of ten LFG collection wells, and 3) modification of the flare system to evaporate leachate. Capital costs for these options were estimated to be $25,000, $100,000 and $200,000, respectively. Sustainability metrics were calculated for each option. The analysis indicated that the implementation of Option 1, Option 2 and Option 3 would result in an annual reduction of CO2 e emissions of 10,894 tons (32 percent), 13,530 tons (40 percent), and 5 tons (>1 percent), respectively. The analysis indicated that the capital costs per ton CO2 e reduction were $2.20, $7.40 and $40,000 for Option 1, Option 2 and Option 3, respectively. The data indicates that the most beneficial use of sustainability dollars would be to implement Option 1.

Nanotechnology for Site Remediation: How Green is it?
Shawn Burnell, ARCADIS U.S., Inc.

Nanomaterials offer revolutionary breakthroughs in fields ranging from solar power to cancer treatment. This paper will critically examine whether nanomaterials offer similar revolutionary potential in green remediation.
The novel properties and high reactivity of many nanomaterials, compared to their bulk counterparts, would seem to offer promise for more efficient treatment of common environmental contaminants with lower reagent volumes. However, remediation practitioners have encountered a paradox: many of those same properties that offer promise for nanomaterials in site cleanup can also create new practical challenges in treatment. These challenges include premature reactivity, issues related to delivery and distribution as an in-situ remedy, potential toxicity, and cost.
Several publications have discussed the potential for green nanotechnology from one perspective or another. This paper will integrate thinking about the potential for green nanotechnology as it relates to site remediation by focusing on two case studies, nano zero-valent iron and carbon nanotubes. A truly green site remediation strategy is one that applies green concepts throughout the entire life cycle. Consequently, the analysis will integrate practical considerations as well as various life-cycle assessment tools including the Nano Risk Framework and energy-based life-cycle analysis tools, and an overall sustainability tool for green remediation, BalancE3©. While the primary goal is to explore the apparent paradoxes of green nanotechnology for site remediation, the authors hope to stimulate a spirited discussion with the audience.

Shawn Burnell, PE, is an environmental engineer with the Portland, ME office of ARCADIS, U.S., Inc. Mr. Burnell focuses on applying adaptive and innovative design techniques to remediate environmental contaminants in-situ.
Kathleen Sellers, PE, is an environmental engineer with the Chelmsford, MA office of ARCADIS, U.S., Inc. Ms Sellers divides her practice between resolving environmental problems resulting from historical industrial practices, and exploring emerging environmental issues and their solutions. Ms. Sellers recently edited and co-authored the book “Nanotechnology and the Environment” (CRC Press, 2008).

Uses of Advanced Diagnostic Tools for Sustainable In Situ Remediation Technology Evaluation and Waste Minimization
Matthew Burns, John Simon, Dave Sarr, Pam Groff, and Stephen Kretschman, WSP Environment & Energy

In situ treatment remedies have the potential to minimize the environmental footprint of cleanup actions. Traditional site characterization techniques rely on layers of costly and often tangential data to demonstrate the technical viability of chemical or biologically-mediated degradation of chlorinated or petroleum compounds released to the environment. Recent advances in commercially-available analytical science, including molecular biological tools (MBT) and compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA), provide definitive actionable technical viability data at an early stage of the remedy selection process that is less resource intensive to collect than traditional data suites.
Data are presented from several sites in Connecticut, California, Florida, Georgia, New York, and Tennessee illustrating the novel use of these techniques to aid in site assessment, remedial selection, and remedy performance. Sampling waste minimization opportunities are identified. Case studies highlights include quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of data collected from passive Bio-Trap® samplers and CSIA to demonstrate complete natural attenuation of chlorinated compounds in a zoned aquifer; stable isotope probing to track the environmental fate of 13C-labeled petroleum contaminants; CSIA and 13C fractionation patterns used to track chemical oxidant delivery; and in-situ microcosm studies to cost-effectively assess remedial technology options.
The savings in greenhouse gas emissions related to the use of these tools and the overall savings from in situ remedies are provided for several of the sites by comparing the greenhouse gases generated by the in situ approaches to other, more conventional, mechanical approaches.

Matt Burns is a Senior Project Director with WSP Environment & Energy. He has more than 15 years of professional chemistry and engineering experience. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Environmental Science from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst and a Masters of Science Degree in Civil/Environmental Engineering from the University of Maryland, College Park. Matt is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for the International Conference on Soils, Sediments, Water, and Energy. His areas of expertise include microbial processes and redox chemistry as applied to in situ remediation. He co-developed and co-manages WSP’s Advanced Site Closure Program, a specialty services area involving the use of innovative advanced characterization technologies for optimizing the design, management and closure of sites. Matt’s publications and platform presentations have focused on mobility of metals in the environment, chemical oxidation bench-scale testing, and the use of molecular biological tools and compound-specific isotope analysis to assess the technical viability and to optimize the implementation of bioremediation and in situ chemical oxidation remedial technologies.

Innovative Green Remediation of Contaminated Sediments
Sandip Chattopadhyay, Tetra Tech

Reactive capping using natural material is an attractive option for remediation of contaminated sediments. It can sequester both organic (hydrophobic) and metal (hydrophilic) contaminants. This presentation will discuss the results of several treatability studies and field application of various natural materials. These materials were indigenous to these sites and they were selected based on their sorptive properties, cost effectiveness, and they did not directly/indirectly release any other chemicals that are harmful to the benthic organisms. Conventional cap materials (e.g., sand, organoclays) have several limitations. Although sand caps are used to contain high-molecular weight organics (e.g., PCBs, PAHs), soluble/semi-soluble contaminants can potentially migrate through the sand cap by slow diffusion or relatively faster advection due to vertical gradients caused by seeps. Sand (silica) has limited sorption capacity to bind contaminants. Organoclays change the permeability of the water-solid interface and the organic amines have harmful effects on the benthic organisms. Contaminants through natural cap materials will be sorbed, and/or degraded by the reactive component of the natural material and thus prevented from releasing into the water column. Treatability tests have been conducted for contaminated sediment sites to select suitable natural materials that are readily available, relatively inexpensive, and environmentally friendly. Based on these treatability tests, the cap lives were estimated using a transport model. Several locally available cap materials that have been tested to determine their suitability to immobilize metals and organics in the contaminated sediments. These cap materials were: a) aluminum rich natural material for a site contaminated with Hg; b) red clay (hematite/ferrihydrite rich minerals) yellow clay (Fe(III) hydroxyl-sulfate rich minerals) and retorted shale for a As-contaminated site in South America; c) quarry soil that rich in iron and other minerals for a DDT-, HCB-, and Hg-contaminated site in Alabama; d) the sequestration by native sediments from these sites.

Sandip Chattopadhyay is Program Manager and Director (Engineering & Technology) at Tetra Tech. He received his Ph.D. from the Ohio State University, afterwards worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the USEPA. Before joining Tetra Tech, he worked at ManTech Environmental Research Services Corporation and Battelle Memorial Institute. He has published more than 60 peer-reviewed journal articles and guidance documents and reports. He is an active member of the Interstate Technology Regulatory Council (ITRC) “Green and Sustainable Remediation” and “Sediment” teams. He supported First Sustainability Science and Engineering Congress.

Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Uptake and Detoxification in Cucurbit species (Zucchini and Squash)
Sudesh Chhikara, Bibin Paulose, and Om Parkash Dhankher, Dept. of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are of great environmental concern because of their toxicity, global distribution, and resistance to remediation. Cucurbita pepo ssp pepo (zucchini, pumpkin) roots have been shown to phytoextract significant amounts of DDT/DDE, chlordane, and PCBs from soil, followed by effective translocation to above ground tissues. For DDE, the stem-to-soil bioconcentration factors (dry weight ratio of contaminant in the stems to that in soil) approach 15, with up to 5% contaminant extraction in a single growing season. Interestingly, other closely related species, including C. pepo ssp ovifera (squash), do not have the ability to accumulate hydrophobic organic pollutants. In a batch hydroponic trial, cultivars of C. pepo ssp pepo (cultivar variety Costata) and ssp ovifera (cultivar variety Zephyr) were exposed to DDE at 120 ppb for 96 hours. The stem DDE content of exposed Zephyr cultivars was equivalent to that of non-exposed controls. Conversely, the DDE content in Costata stems approached 1 ppm and was nearly 6-fold that of Zephyr. In batch hydroponic trials, the impact of DDE (2-20ppm) on the transpiration and biomass of C. pepo ssp pepo (Costata) and ssp ovifera (Zephyr) cultivars was evaluated over 31 days. Zephyr was significantly more sensitive to DDE exposure. For Zephyr, 4ppm DDE significantly reduced Zephyr biomass (14%) after 17 days; for Costata, significant biomass reductions were observed only after 20 days of exposure at 20 ppm (20%). Similarly, exposure to 2 ppm DDE for 3 days reduced the transpiration volume of Zephyr by 35%; for Costata, exposure to 4 ppm DDE for 3 days significantly reduced transpiration volume (30%).
In order to identify differentially expressed genes in DDE treated Zucchini (C. pepo ssp pepo) as compared to DDE treated Squash (C. pepo ssp ovifera), PCR select Suppression subtraction hybridization was used. After differential screening, 46 cDNAs clones (40 cDNAs isolated from shoot and 6 cDNAs isolated from roots) were sequenced. Out of 40 shoot cDNA sequences, 34 cDNAs are similar to different parts of Phloem filament protein 1 (PP1) and few novel unknown genes, whereas in root, out of 6 cDNAs, 2 are similar to Cytochrome P450 like proteins, one as putative senescence associated protein and the rest are novel unknown genes. We also isolated the differentially expressed genes by subtracting cDNAs of DDE exposed zucchini from non-DDE exposed zucchini. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the up regulation of these genes in response to DDE exposure. These candidate genes will be further characterized by both forward and reverse genetic approach for their role in uptake of DDEs in plants.

Dr. Sudesh Chhikara is currently a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Department of Plant, Soil, and Insect Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst since January 2008. She obtained here PhD degree in 2008 in Plant Biotechnology from Maharishi Dayanand University, India, and MS in Biotechnology in 2003 from GJ University of Science and Technology, India. Here area of specialty is in Plant tissue culture, Plant Biotechnology and engineering plants for phytoremediation of toxic pollutants.

The Potential for the Utilization of the Macrophytic Alga Chara for Phytoremediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Soils.
Bernadette Clabeaux and Mary Bisson,University at Buffalo

Cadmium contamination is an environmental problem in local waterways around Buffalo, resulting from a variety of anthropogenic sources. While land plants have been shown to accumulate Cd, there is little information on the potential for aquatic species in Cd phytoremediation. We investigated the potential for Chara in phytoremediation, using C. australis as a representative Charophyte. C. australis can survive Cd levels in the soil up to 20 ppm. At 8 ppm, Chara shoots and rhizoids accumulated 14 ± 2.9 and 15 ± 1.3 µg/g dry weight, respectively, significantly greater than control explants grown in soil with <200 ppb Cd, which accumulated 0.5 ± 0.2 µg/g DW in shoots and 2.7 ± 1.3 µg/g DW in rhizoids. Cd accumulated to levels greater than those in the soil, which is important for phytoremediation. We visualized Cd-dithizone precipitates by light microscopy. They adsorbed externally to rhizoids, and occurred in the cell walls of shoots, within the apoplast of nodal complexes, and throughout the cytoplasm of shoot tissues. We measured levels of glutathione, a tripeptide that decreases in response to plant stress. GSH levels were significantly lower in shoot tissues of plants exposed to 8 ppm Cd (with or without Zn added) (132 ± 6 nmoles/g shoot DW) than in control plants (254 ±14 nmoles/g shoot DW, p<0.05). Additionally, we found that plants exposed to 1.5 ppm Zn alone had a significantly greater amount of GSH than control explants (322 ± 8 vs. 254 ± 14 nmoles/g shoot DW, respectively, p<0.05), possibly indicating that low Zn levels promote the health of Chara. Accumulation varies with length of incubation, and with the addition of Zn.

Bernadette Clabeaux is a PhD student in the Biological Sciences Department at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY working in the laboratory of Dr. Mary A. Bisson. Bernadette just completed a two-year NSF-IGERT funded traineeship program (Ecosystem Restoration through Interdisciplinary Exchange Integrative Education and Research Traineeship) . The traineeship is a collaborative program educating students from various departments including engineering, chemistry, urban planning, and philosophy on ecosystem restoration. She is currently finishing her thesis on the phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated soils using the algal species Chara australis. She plans to have her degree conferred by September 2010.

USAF Center for Engineering and the Environment Sustainable Remediation Tool (SRT)
Erica Becvar1, Doug Ruppel2, John Claypool2 (Presenter), Dave Woodward2, Charles Newell3, Tiffany Swann3, Lila Beckley3, Ata Rahman3, Doug Downey4, Brad Woodard4, and Paul Favara4; 1Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment; 2AECOM; 3GSI Environmental Inc.; 4CH2M Hill

The United States Air Force (USAF) is a leader in applying sustainability concepts in environmental remediation. The USAF analyzes sustainability factors as part of the selection criteria for new remediation systems and for evaluation and optimization of existing systems. Although many of the USAF’s restoration practices can be couched as “sustainable,” an easy-to-use yet detailed methodology or decision-making tool is needed for determining the best course of action. As part of the USAF’s efforts, the Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment (AFCEE) has developed the Sustainable Remediation Tool (SRT) to evaluate and optimize remediation systems on the basis of sustainability metrics. This Microsoft Excel-based tool is intended to aid environmental professionals in remedy selection and in improving remedy effectiveness without increasing risks. The SRT provides an easy-to-use mechanism for remediation professionals to incorporate sustainability concepts into their decision-making while avoiding time-consuming hand calculations. The current version includes modules for the following technologies: i) Excavation, ii) In Situ Soil Vapor Extraction, iii) In Situ Thermal Desorption, iv) Pump and Treat, v) Enhanced Bioremediation, vi) In Situ Chemical Oxidation, vii) Biowalls, and viii) Monitored Natural Attenuation and Long-term Monitoring. The metrics estimated in this version of the SRT are: a) Greenhouse gas emissions, including CO2, NOx, SOx, and PM10, b) Energy consumed, c) Technology cost, d) Safety / Accident risk, and e) Natural resource service. In addition to estimating sustainability metrics, the SRT has been integrated with the Remedial Action Cost Engineering Requirements (RACER™) model, a detailed budget estimation system used by many environmental remediation professionals. A case study will be presented to demonstrate the capabilities of this SRT-RACER interaction.

Mr. Claypool is a senior cost engineer and project director experienced in cost engineering and estimating, cost management and financial risk analysis for environmental remediation and restoration, facility construction and renovation, transportation and utility infrastructure projects. He specializes in designing, developing, deploying and using automated technology solutions for estimating costs and analyzing financial risks for major capital improvement and asset management programs involving thousands of individual projects throughout the US and internationally. In the environmental sector, Mr. Claypool’s expertise encompasses hazardous waste sites, petroleum release sites, unexploded ordnance sites, and radioactive waste sites. His experience includes managing and implementing cost engineering and financial risk modeling projects at the organization/business unit level, and at the program, project and contract levels. Mr. Claypool’s experience encompasses a wide range of federal, state, and local government agencies as well as utility, chemical, petroleum, manufacturing, industrial, legal, and insurance clients. He also specializes in providing testifying and non-testifying expert technical support to legal counsel on environmental insurance coverage, cost recovery, allocation, and toxic tort matters.

Detoxification of Atrazine by Switchgrass in a Phytoremediation Setting
Joel Coats, Ian Murphy, Jen Anderson, and Vic Albright, Iowa State University Entomology

Previous laboratory and greenhouse studies have shown that switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and other prairie grasses can enhance degradation of the widely used herbicide atrazine in contaminated soils. Phytoremediation is widely accepted to be partially the result of microbial degradation processes in the rhizosphere of plants. Uptake and degradation may also occur within the plant biomass; however the role that these processes play remains largely unknown for phytoremediation of contaminated soils. We hypothesized that switchgrass plants have a significant capacity for degrading atrazine. The objectives of this study were to: 1) characterize the ability of switchgrass plants to accumulate atrazine from soils; 2) quantify the amount of degradation occurring in the plant; and 3) quantify the amount of degradation occurring in the rhizosphere. Switchgrass seedlings were transplanted in autoclaved and non-autoclaved sand containing 10 ppm atrazine. Extracts of the grass and sand were analyzed on a gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen phosphorus detector to determine the concentration of atrazine and metabolites in sand and plant tissues. Results showed that switchgrass took up atrazine rapidly and metabolized it rapidly via dealkylation reactions to deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine and didealkylatrazine. Concentrations of parent atrazine and metabolites in leaf tissue were not affected by the presence or absence of any microbes in the sand, as concentrations were statistically the same in both the non-autoclaved and autoclaved treatments. The results also suggest that the atrazine metabolites may have been exuded by or diffused from the switchgrass roots into the sand. In summary, the switchgrass plant contributes a major role in detoxifying atrazine in phytoremediation of contaminated soil.

Joel Coats is Professor of Entomology and Toxicology, in the Department of Entomology at Iowa State University. He received his Ph.D. in Entomology (Chemistry minor), with specialization in insecticide toxicology and environmental toxicology, from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He was a Visiting Professor for two years in the Department of Environmental Biology at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. At Iowa State University, he has also served as Department Chairman for seven years (1999-2004, 2007-2008). He teaches all or parts of five graduate courses in environmental toxicology or insecticide toxicology, and has served as major professor for 44 graduate students and has advised 13 postdocs. Coats' research program in environmental toxicology and environmental chemistry of agrochemicals focuses on environmental effects and environmental degradation and mobility of modern agrochemicals, including insecticides, herbicides, insecticidal Bt protein toxins from transgenic plants, vaccines expressed in transgenic corn plants, and veterinary drugs. His scientific publications include 8 books, 35 book chapters, 6 review articles and 130 peer-reviewed journal articles; he also holds 8 patents.

Remedial Process Optimization – A Sustainable Remediation Approach
Richard McCoy (Presenter), Aaron Etnyre, and James Colmer (Presenter), BB&E, LLC

The goal of remediation is to protect human health and the environment. The traditional process for selecting remedies focused on achieving this goal and rightfully so. However, within this goal, exercising a sustainable design approach during the RD and/or RPO phase can create a remedy that is more sustainable.
By nature, a remediation, if properly administered, is sustainable. It improves the environment, land value, and public trust. However, not all remedies are equivalent in terms of sustainability and a simplified sustainable remediation evaluation (SRE) process was developed by the Air National Guard (ANG) based on the USEPA Region 9 Green Remediation Primer (Primer) to identify opportunities for optimizing the sustainability of existing remedies.
The Primer provides focused core elements that frame the SRE. In addition, the ANG’s targeted scope was critical in the efficient and cost effective completion of the evaluation. Within the bounds of the evaluation, a sustainable aspect inventory was completed for each core element and associated impacts noted. Alternatives to mitigate the impacts identified by the sustainable aspect inventory were developed for consideration and potential implementation.
The SREs completed by the ANG resulted in developing normalized metrics such as pounds of CO2 equivalents emitted per pound of contaminant removed by the existing remedy. Setting a normalized baseline can gauge sustainable improvements of a remedy in terms of the clean-up effectiveness. Moreover, several alternatives were identified that could improve the sustainable parameters of the existing remedies such as reducing energy consumption and tailpipe emissions. Case study specifics will be presented.
In summary, a design for sustainability approach may be better suited for the RD phase. However, existing remedies can be readily and cost effectively assessed to either introduce sustainable alternatives or improve sustainable parameters during the RPO phase without compromising remedial objectives.

Mr. Richard McCoy, P.E., has been at the Air National Guard (ANG) for 3 years after serving 22 years in the Air Force as a Bioenvironmental Engineer. He received his bachelor's degree in Chemical Engineering at Penn State University and a master's degree in Environmental Engineering from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. As the Technical Advisor to the ANG Environmental Restoration Branch, he is involved in green and sustainable remediation and remedial process optimization.

Mr. James Colmer, P.E. joined BB&E, Consulting Engineers and Professionals in 2008 as a Senior Engineer. He received his bachelor's degree at Michigan State University in Civil/Environmental Engineering in 1993 and has spent ten years of his career managing environmental affairs for a Fortune 150 Company which included remediation, environmental management systems, and sustainable practices.

A Life Cycle Assessment Case Study for Options to Remediate a Groundwater Contaminant Plume
Robert Danielson, Fuss & O'Neill, Inc.

A comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted following guidelines provided by the International Standard Organization (ISO) to evaluate potential environmental impacts associated with remediating PCB-contaminated groundwater at a U.S. manufacturing facility. LCAs are designed to consider negative environmental impacts when selecting a remedy and to improve environmental efficiency of the remediation. The 30-year old PCB groundwater plume is located within site boundaries in an area where local residents rely on bedrock drinking water wells. The regulatory standard is to restore the plume to background conditions. Four primary remediation technologies were evaluated including: plume containment with groundwater pump-and-treat, monitored natural attenuation (MNA), in-situ chemical oxidation and in-situ colloid destabilization using flocculation agents. Excavation of source area soil and weathered bedrock beneath the facility building had previously been conducted to the extent feasible. MNA was very desirable from an energy and overall LCA perspective; however, it relies primarily on colloid straining and dispersion rather than biodegradation of the PCBs. This approach was poorly received by the regulatory agencies accustomed to MNA that is based on biodegradation processes. The most significant environmental impacts associated with in-situ chemical oxidation and colloid destabilization relate to the manufacture and transport of the oxidation chemicals. There were also significant concerns because these in-situ technologies are unproven for PCBs facilitating a need for significant bench and pilot scale testing. Long-term water consumption, energy consumption and associated generation of greenhouse gases were the primary negative impact of groundwater pump-and-treat. Results of the comparative LCA were very useful in quantifying potential collateral environmental damage associated with each remedial technology that should be considered when selecting a groundwater remedy.

Robert Danielson is an Associate and Director of Sustainable Site Remediation with Fuss & O'Neill, Inc. in Manchester Connecticut. Rob holds a B.S Degree in Geology from Denison University and an M.S. Degree in Environmental Management and Policy from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Mr. Danielson is an AIPG Certified Professional Geologist and Licensed Environmental Professional in the State of Connecticut. He has 23 years of experience with hazardous waste site characterization, feasibility studies, remedial design and completion of soil and groundwater remediation projects. Rob has successfully managed a wide variety of complex remediation projects for industry, municipalities, state agencies and brownfield developers. His professional interests include sustainable site remediation and life cycle analysis.

New Perspectives on Treatment Plant Optimization: Taking the Carbon Footprint into Consideration and Achieving Greener Remediation
David Dedian and R. Duff Collins, Woodard & Curran Inc.

Reducing energy consumption and improving process performance lowers the carbon footprint and saves money. Treatment plant operation uses considerable resources. Optimization of remedial system treatment operations is a significant area for “green” improvements. First, conduct baseline benchmarking of plant and process performance including key factors, such as energy, chemical and water usage, and human resource interactions (& carbon footprint). Next, a critical assessment of opportunities to reduce energy and other resource use while maintaining compliance and related business goals is performed by the project team. This effort is typically performed by a team of remediation and/or process engineers with knowledge of both operational and regulatory background. Next comes implementation of process improvements. Finally, after an implementation period, measurements and recalibration of basic resource use are conducted to evaluate improvement (measured as efficiency in energy, water, manpower and costs savings). Woodard & Curran has demonstrated efficiency improvements at many remediation sites and treatment plants following this protocol.
Two case study examples are discussed. At a groundwater treatment plant in Southern New England, optimization efforts were selected based on power consumption model findings and anticipated paybacks of less than 2 years. SCADA data were used to help document tidal impact on ground water levels. GW model and pumping rates evaluated to determine flow rate required to ensure treatment in compliance with discharge permit. At a different treatment plant, power and waster consumption were reduced by targeting lower volume of more highly contaminated groundwater resulting in elimination of energy intensive and costly treatment process.
Conclusions:
• Optimization Efforts Do Not Necessarily Require Big Capital Investment
• Changes in Operating Procedures Can Provide Significant Results
• Need to Establish Baseline Energy Consumption and Costs and Develop Power Consumption Models Will Help Focus Efforts
• Operators Typically are the Key to Making Optimization Efforts Successful.

Dave Dedian has a BS in Civil Engineering from the University of Massachusetts Lowell and nearly 20 years experience in the operations, maintenance, and management of wastewater and groundwater treatment facilities. He has served as a plant operator, plant manager, and project manager for a range of treatment facilities. He oversees several wastewater, industrial wastewater and groundwater remediation projects (Superfund sites) located throughout the Northeast. His engineering background and site operation and maintenance (O&M) experience enable him to manage sites in a safe, cost-effective manner while ensuring environmental compliance and optimizing project performance and site cleanup time. He is a specialist in quality assurance and quality control, assisting treatment facilities with environmental compliance and site optimization.

Sustainability Incorporation into Remedial System Evaluations: Case Study Using the SiteWise Sustainable Environmental Remediation Tool
Charles Coyle, Dave, Becker, Mike Bailey, Carol Lee Dona (Presenter), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Environmental and Munitions Center of Expertise

The Battelle Site-Wise Sustainable Environmental Remediation (SiteWiseTM) tool was used to include sustainability as one of the evaluation factors in the performance of remedial system evaluations (RSEs) on an existing remedy at Cornhusker Army Ammunition Plant (CHAAP). The results are described in terms of the metrics (energy use, carbon dioxide emissions, water use, criteria air pollutants, and worker safety) and the activity areas (equipment use, consumables, personnel and equipment transportation, and residual handling) within the tool. The results are used to develop specific modifications to the current treatment system to decrease the environmental footprint. In addition, the metric calculations for the pump and treat are compared to those of the in-situ bioremediation injections to determine the sustainability of continued augmentation of the pump and treat system with source area injections.

Carol Lee Dona, Ph.D., P.E., is a chemical engineer at the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Environmental and Munitions Center of Expertise (EM-CX) in Omaha, Nebraska. Before coming to the EM-CX three years ago, Dr. Dona spent 11 years as a process engineer and technical manager in the Seattle and Kansas City Corps Districts. Her areas of interest include monitored natural attenuation and incorporation of sustainable practices into remedy selection and optimization. She is finalizing a decision framework that outlines the process for incorporating sustainable practices throughout the environmental remediation process for USACE projects. She is also working with the Army Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management (OASIM) to incorporate the decision framework into guidance for Army-wide remediation projects. Dr. Dona received her BS in Chemistry from University of Washington, her MS in mechanical engineering from University of Missouri, and her PhD in chemical and petroleum engineering from University of Kansas.

Army Green and Sustainable Remediation: Implementation and Policy
Kevin Roughgarden, OACSIM and Carol Dona (Presenter), USACE

The Department of Defense (DoD) issued a policy on 10 August 2009 requesting that each DoD Component take action to evaluate the opportunities to incorporate green and sustainable remediation practices into current and future remedial activities. Sustainable cleanup practices place a greater emphasis on considering a project’s energy requirements, air emissions, water consumption, impacts on land and ecosystems, material consumption and waste generation, and impacts on the long-term stewardship of a site. Sustainable cleanups consider the environmental effects of a response strategy early in the process and incorporate options to maximize the net environmental benefit of the cleanup action. While the DoD policy places renewed emphasis on these practices, the DoD Components have long employed these practices where they make sense in the field. This session will provide an overview of the Army’s experience incorporating technical aspects of sustainable strategies into response actions, and review recent Army policy and guidance efforts to promote green and sustainable remediation.
Shortly after issuance of the DoD policy, the U.S. Army Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management (OACSIM) took efforts to inventory the Army’s current green and sustainable practices. The presentation will provide an overview of the current status of sustainable cleanup practices and the tools and technologies being implemented at Army installations. It will provide examples of Army installations that adopted and adapted state-of-the art practices and products to reduce the environmental footprints at cleanup projects.
Additionally, this presentation will review U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) work with the OACSIM to develop implementation guidance for incorporating green and sustainable practices into Army environmental remediation projects. It will describe the decision framework developed by the USACE, which provides instructions on how to incorporate green and sustainable practices throughout the environmental remediation life cycle of Army projects, and it will then describe the Army-wide policy and implementation procedures for green and sustainable remediation.

Reactive Barriers: Green and Sustainable Remediation of Organic and Metal-Contaminated Soils and Ground Water
Pamela J. Dugan, Ph.D. and Beth Vlastnik, Carus Corporation; Lindsay Swearingen and Jason Swearingen; Specialty Earth Sciences

The intention behind site cleanup is inherently green; however, remedial activities use energy, water, and materials resources to achieve cleanup objectives. Traditional remediation technologies (e.g., pump and treat, air sparging, soil vapor extraction, or multiphase extraction) require electricity and fossil fuel to power equipment to remove contamination from soil and ground water. Extracted fluids are then processed aboveground, or disposed of in landfills when filters are used. The intractable nature of subsurface contamination suggests the need to explore the use of innovative technologies that reduce the environmental footprint of remedial treatments. Reactive materials have proven very useful for binding/transforming both organic and inorganic waste. Once emplaced they typically do not require a continued supply of electrical power and have the added benefit of creating a reactive zone for the destruction or binding of contaminants in place. There are a number of innovative reactive materials that are amenable for creating reactive barriers, for example, neat vegetable oil, controlled-release oxidants, and industrial waste byproducts derived from aluminum production. This paper will present the results of experiments (batch and column tests), as well as field studies, where reactive barriers were used to treat chlorinated solvents or heavy metals in a “green” and sustainable way. The reactive materials evaluated include neat vegetable oil (CAP 18®), microencapsulated permanganate (MEPP), and Bauxsol™- derived materials.

Pamela Dugan has a B.S. in Geology from Indiana University, a Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering from the Colorado School of Mines, and is a certified professional geologist. She has significant experience in the field of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) site characterization and remediation with particular expertise in coupling surfactants with oxidants for DNAPL mass removal. She has published numerous technical papers and book chapters and has presented at over 30 national and international conferences. She currently serves as the Technical Development Manager for Carus Remediation Technologies. In this role, she oversees the research and development of innovative remedial technologies to broaden the line of products currently offered by Carus Remediation Technologies. She also provides technical support in today’s ever-changing remediation market in support of the current line of Carus technologies for in situ chemical oxidation, bioremediation, and acid mine drainage.

High Resolution Site Characterization: A Key Component of Targeting and Optimizing Green Remediation Approaches
Stephen Dyment, U.S. EPA OSRTI

EPA's annual status report continues to show increasing trends as site remediation professionals move to in-situ remedies and consider energy requirements and carbon footprints for more aggressive remediation activities. Given these trends, the need for high resolution site characterization to target and "right size" subsurface remediation activities such as placing injection points/depths, optimizing thermal treatment zones, determining appropriate treatment residence times for reactive barriers, and monitoring remedy effectiveness in real time becomes readily apparent. While green remediation efforts seek to incorporate considerations for concepts such as energy and water use, air emissions, and material consumption; precisely targeted remedies driven by high resolution characterization of source zones and treatment areas effectively accommodates these site challenges. EPA efforts in the areas of remedy optimization and independent design review (IDR) indicate a relatively high percentage of sites in the remedial design and remedial action phases of many regulatory frameworks may significantly benefit from increased characterization to refine the conceptual site model (CSM) sufficiently to most effectively design and implement remedies commonly used at hazardous waste site cleanups today. Increasingly, site professionals and regulators are embracing combined remedies utilizing appropriately sized and placed remedial techniques in series or use of in-situ techniques involving injection of materials to increase chemical oxidation, enhance reductive dechlorination, enhance biological processes, and more. To apply the green remediation concepts of limiting material use and ensuring intended impacts from injected compounds, nanoparticles, subsurface heating, etc. it becomes increasingly critical to use direct sensing tools, in-situ monitoring equipment, and real-time measurements to facilitate high resolution characterization and real time remedy monitoring. This session will highlight the rationale for scale-appropriate measurements, available tools, and best management/technical practices of high resolution techniques as they relate to increasing remedy effectiveness and optimizing remedy placement and duration of operations.

Stephen Dyment is a project manager and technical support specialist for EPA's Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation. His work focuses on appropriate application of new field based analytical methods, sampling designs, direct sensing tools, and remedial technologies. Mr. Dyment’s technical support includes work in a variety of regulatory frameworks such as Superfund, Brownfields, RCRA, UST, State programs, and voluntary cleanup programs. Prior to coming to work for EPA in 2005 Mr. Dyment spent 8 years as a consultant for EPA, DOD, and private clients. His previous experience also includes 4 years in a commercial analytical laboratory. His work in public and private sectors, consulting, and analytical settings provides a unique perspective to the challenges faced by today’s environmental professional. Mr. Dyment has a bachelor of science degree in toxicology/chemistry from the University of Massachusetts Amherst.