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SUPERVISORY LEADERSHIP

DEVELOPMENT

A PILOT PROJECT

OF

ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE

AND SEIU LOCAL 509

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

AMHERST

JANUARY 1996

INTRODUCTION

Approximately one year ago, representatives from the Administration and Finance Executive Area (A&F) and the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 509, met to discuss their mutual concerns regarding supervision at the University. The outcome of this meeting was to establish a joint Supervisory/Leadership Committee comprised of SEIU members and A&F managers. The goals of the joint committee were to:

The attached Joint Blueprint for Good Supervision and the Supervisory Leadership Roles and Competency Model were developed by the joint committee. Together they provide what we feel is a vision of good supervision and a set of six key supervisory roles, including specific behaviors and attributes of the effective and competent supervisor.

The primary goals of the joint committee are to begin the process of sharing this collaborative vision of supervision and to gather feedback regarding this work.

The committee will continue its work by developing training modules to support supervisors and managers in understanding and attaining the skills outlined in these documents after they have been reviewed and endorsed by SEIU and the A&F council.

The committee members are: Lynn Braddock (Parking Services), Ashoke Ganguli (Auxiliary Services), Maxine Greenblatt (Controller's Office), Richard Ford (Training and Development), Jack Hirsch (Polymer Science), Ronald Lenois (Academic Custodial), Linda Marchesani (Training and Development), Marianna McKim (University Child Care), Bill Rose (Administration and Finance), Graeme Sephton (Facilities Planning), Earl Smith (Physical Plant), and Helen Wise (Publications).

JOINT BLUEPRINT FOR GOOD SUPERVISION

The Blueprint is an outline for action. Using its foundations and raw materials, supervisors can begin to build good working environments. The attributes below are often used by supervisors as they assume their roles as mentors, coaches, communicators, team-builders, organizers, and mediators. The great challenge met by good supervisors is to remain constructively employee-focused, supportive, and positive as they encourage their staff to be effective and efficient.

First and foremost, good supervisors possess excellent communication skills which they use to build a cohesive and energized team. Good supervisors are good listeners who provide constructive feedback -- both positive and negative -- without being judgmental. They have clear, "up-front" expectations for performance, and are able to express their expectations clearly. They disseminate information in a timely manner, consistently utilize the expertise of their staff, and solicit opinions in decision-making and planning for the future. They are accessible and seek to promote high morale and maximum productivity. Effective supervisors create a climate of open communication and do not personalize problems or conflicts encountered by the team. They properly orient all new employees, have a keen perception of each employee's strengths and weaknesses, empower their employees by requesting and accepting feedback about the team or themselves, and challenge, as well as support, team members.

Good supervisors respect their staff and give them recognition for work well done. They are courteous in their dealings, provide support and direction when needed, and offer constructive criticism in private. Good supervisors strive to be fair and respectful when resolving conflicts among staff. They have a working knowledge of group dynamics and how organizational development is affected by individuals and their "unique baggage," have had anti-oppression training, and understand and are committed to diversity. Good supervisors recognize that people have lives away from their jobs that will occasionally affect their work lives.

Effective supervisors are skillful organizers. They schedule staff meetings regularly. They give all staff appropriate directions, clear goals, and guidelines, but do not act unilaterally. Rather, they solicit and use input from their staff. They keep the "big picture" in mind, have a vision of the future, and demonstrate competent leadership, especially through making timely decisions. Competent supervisors ensure that their units run as smoothly as possible under all conditions.

On a day-to-day- basis, good supervisors delegate and share responsibility and distribute workloads fairly. They provide the necessary tools and resources needed to meet agreed-upon goals. They respond promptly to complaints and suggestions, and do not arbitrarily deny reasonable requests. Competent supervisors generally know how long a task takes and, therefore, set reasonable deadlines. Effective supervisors do not "crisis-manage" or react emotionally; rather, they react calmly, analyze the situation, and function as problem-solvers.

Over the course of the year, good supervisors meet regularly with their staff to discuss goals and assess programs. If they perceive problems, they alert their staff promptly and attempt to determine the cause. Once a year, they meet with all staff members individually to discuss their performance in a constructive context. In the event of a problem in the office, they identify, and deal with, its cause, rather than impose inappropriate, blanket policies. Competent supervisors also maintain human values in the workplace, even when under pressure.

Competent supervisors have the basic knowledge and managerial skills needed to do their job well. They recognize that effective leadership and competent supervision are essential skills and important aspects of their job. Capable supervisors demonstrate competence in both the tasks and subject areas of which they are in charge. They need to speak and write clearly and have considerable knowledge of labor relations, union contract provisions, and work-site policies. They must apply this knowledge in an even-handed manner, and always guard against even the slightest perception of favoritism. Effective supervisors give staff the encouragement and independence to learn new skills and develop professionally. They continually strive to improve the working environment, both physical and emotional.

Good supervisors must care about the people they supervise and be committed to their success. This means they must be willing to allow employees to structure their work in a way that is beneficial to the individuals while maintaining the high standard of the department. Both personal and professional growth are to be encouraged.

Finally, the qualities which make a good supervisor are the very same qualities to which most of us aspire. Good supervisors have integrity and a conscience, are ethical, trustworthy, and honest with themselves and the people with whom they work. Responsible supervisors are consistent in their actions and in administering policies, are dependable, flexible, and follow through on promises they make. They display common sense, are empathetic and reasonable, and exercise good judgment. Good supervisors convey enthusiasm, are even-tempered and stable, and work with a calm demeanor. They take pride in their performance, are self-motivated, pursue and accept constructive feedback, and can own up to their own mistakes.

SUPERVISORY LEADERSHIP ROLES

AND COMPETENCY MODEL

The role of the supervisor has changed. In the past, the supervisor has directed and controlled what and how work was performed. This traditional command and control model was utilized in many "top/down" organizations. Today's supervisor needs to be a coach and a collaborative team player who works with individuals as well as with groups to ensure job satisfaction, productivity and high quality customer service. The tasks and responsibilities are multifaceted and require a variety of skills.

The new supervisor is expected to fulfill a number of equally important roles which include COMMUNICATOR, ORGANIZER, TEAM BUILDER, MENTOR, MEDIATOR and EVALUATOR. The model presented in this document provides descriptions of specific skills under each of the roles and suggests three levels of expertise, progressing from core (basic) to emergent (developing) to advanced (upgraded).

While this model suggests a particular progression of skills from core through advanced, it is important to consider this as a flexible model whose application can be customized to meet the needs and priorities of individual departments. Departments may have their own standards and expectations with respect to what constitutes a set of core skills for any particular position.

Managers and supervisors are encouraged to use this model as a performance development tool. It provides guidelines for assessing one's current level of skill, a map for planning future skill development, and a method of evaluating skill attainment. It can also serve as a guideline when considering candidates for hiring or promotion. It is important to note, however, that this document is a work in progress. As new skill areas are identified they will be added to the model and as people work with this model, refinements will be made.

Communicator

The supervisor has the ability to listen and respond to employees with respect and appropriate communication, clarifying expectations while meeting the needs of employees and the organization for information and feedback.

Core
  • Listens actively, attending to verbal and non-verbal messages.
  • Establishes open communication and provides appropriate feedback.
  • Communicates appropriately across cultures and various identities.
  • Communicates clearly in oral presentations and written words.
  • Communicates in a timely manner to those who are supervised
  • Uses information technology for effective office communication.
  • Communicates respect and clarifies expectations effectively.
Emergent
  • Connects broader organizational issues to job expectations.
  • Coordinates inter-office memos, newsletters, bulletin boards.
  • Facilitates effectively in meetings with agendas, etc. .
  • Keeps careful records and documents.
  • Communicates systematically with constituent groups.
  • Understands various communication styles.
Advanced
  • Facilitates communication between various departments.
  • Establishes campus-wide and global networks.
  • Serves on campus-wide committees.
  • Uses Internet and World Wide Web networks.

Organizer

The organizer identifies the objectives and goals for the organization or office unit and creates comprehensive plans to meet those goals.

Core
  • Develops objectives and goals based on customer needs.
  • Communicates vision of the organization to employees.
  • Communicates objectives and goals to employees.
  • Identifies the resources needed to accomplish goals.
  • Develops effective time management strategies.
  • Develops procedures and policies to maximize office effectiveness.
  • Recruits and hires staff.
  • Secures materials, supplies, and equipment.
  • Organizes work flow and delegates responsibility.
  • Provides training when necessary to complete tasks.
  • Directs project to completion.
Emergent
  • Evaluates and analyzes work flow processes.
  • Develops more effective work processes.
  • Using critical thinking to resolve process difficulties.
  • Develops teams to resolve process difficulties.
  • Establishes and monitors budgets.
  • Writes procedural manuals.
  • Establishes systematic training for continuous improvement.
  • Manages multiple projects simultaneously.
Advanced
  • Develops long range vision and initiates paradigm shifts.
  • Uses strategic planning and systematic thinking (CQI).
  • Networks with campus, regional, and national resources.

Team Builder

The team builder selects the employees that will be working together in the office or organization and develops mechanisms to ensure a cooperative and productive work environment.

Core
  • Clearly delineates group goals.
  • Communicates tasks to the team.
  • Sets parameters for team responsibilities.
  • Establishes method for team accountability.
  • Understands effective team development and functioning.
  • Organizes effective group meetings.
  • Motivates team.
  • Establishes trust.
  • Creates a respectful workplace.
  • Demonstrates how jobs/tasks are interconnected and related.
  • Understand cultural and social dynamics in the workplace.
  • Recognizes team successes.
Emergent
  • Recognizes and utilizes employee diversity to maximize high
  • performance work teams.
  • Removes system barriers to team functioning.
  • Advocates for team within the system.
  • Communicates how team efforts meet organizational needs.
  • Understands power dynamics in supporting productive work teams.
  • Works to resolve team dysfunctions when they emerge.
  • Establishes a positive and winning spirit among all employees.
  • Establishes a comprehensive training program for group and office
  • effectiveness.
Advanced
  • Facilitates effective inter-organizational teams.

Mentor

Supervisors have the best interests of the employee in mind as they support personal growth, continuous learning, advise on career direction, and guide high quality performance in the workplace.

Core
  • Explains how the organization works including its norms and cultures.
  • Encourages and motivates employees to reach their potential.
  • Discusses employee's work objectives and preferences.
  • Listens to employee's personal problems.
  • Responds to employee's needs and concerns, maintaining confidentiality, where appropriate and avoiding favoritism.
  • Confronts negative behaviors and attitudes.
  • Shares critical knowledge and experiences.
  • Encourages self-awareness.
  • Stands by employee's in critical situations.
  • Matches employee's expertise with organizational needs.
  • Maintains high standards of professionalism in interpersonal relationships with employees.
Emergent
  • Facilitates development of employee's expertise to maximize organizational effective.
  • Advises and assists on career development.
  • Facilitates employees inter-organizational networking.
Advanced
  • Identifies and removes system barrier's to effective employee performance.

Mediator

The mediator identifies conflict areas and their causes, confronts these areas, and assists in the resolution of conflicts to the benefit of the individuals involved and the organization.

Core
  • Creates a respectful setting and safe environment for discussion.
  • Identifies conflict situations.
  • Supports all employees and remains multi partial.
  • Helps the parties identify issues.
  • Establishes ground rules.
  • Determines and emphasizes common interest.
  • Suggest integrative solutions.
  • Provides consequences for agreement/non-agreement.
  • Negotiates a win/win outcome, when possible.
  • Maintains integrity while supporting policies and employees.
  • Monitors interpersonal interactions and intervenes when appropriate.
  • Uses an understanding of social diversity and cultural differences to identify and help resolve conflicts.
  • Understands the role of a referee and personal advocate.
  • Recognizes and understands the legal implications of conflict situations and refers to other campus agencies when appropriate.
Emergent
  • Facilitates the process to resolve individual and group conflicts.
  • Creates a departmental climate that supports conflict resolution.
  • Emphasizes organizational goals in conflict resolution situations.
  • Establishes departmental guidelines for conflict resolution.
Advanced
  • Facilitates the resolution of highly charged intergroup conflicts.

Evaluator

The evaluator establishes objective criteria for on-going performance management and systematic communication with employees.

Core
  • Establishes a work climate conducive to productive performance management system.
  • Establishes ongoing performance management relationship with employees.
  • Establishes direct relationship between job description and performance expectations.
  • Sets limits for appropriate workplace behaviors.
  • Conducts regular performance management meetings with employees
  • Documents agreed upon goals, objectives, achievements, problems and concerns.
  • Understands and abides by relevant union contract provisions.
  • Understands and follows all university, state and federal employment policies and laws.
  • Recognizes employee's exemplary performance.
  • Follows a policy of progressive discipline.
  • Helps prepare employee properly for performance appraisal.
  • Maintains confidentiality.
Emergent
  • Facilitates employee promotion process.
  • Facilitates employee termination process.
  • Coordinates performance management activities with other departmental and institutional processes.
Advanced
  • Analyzes and intervenes, where necessary, to improve system wide performance management.